Metabolites discriminating DN and type 2 diabetes subjects by UPLC-MS analysis^a.

Metabolites	Trendb	Related pathway	DN vs. control	DN + BLC vs. DN	P valuec	FC
			P valuec	FC
5-Methoxytryptophan	↓	Tryptophan metabolism	5.79 × 10−3	0.46	4.82 × 10−3	2.70
p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid	↑	Phenylalanine metabolism	8.01 × 10−4	3.89	8.24 × 10−2	0.65
5-Hydroxy-6-methoxyindole glucuronide	↑	Tryptophan metabolism	8.09 × 10−3	2.22	3.87 × 10−3	0.33
2-Phenylglycine	↑	Glycine metabolism	5.36 × 10−3	2.69	4.79 × 10−2	0.49
Indoleacetyl glutamine	↑	Tryptophan metabolism	4.06 × 10−5	3.60	5.53 × 10−2	0.75
Indoxyl glucuronide	↑	Tryptophan metabolism	2.75 × 10−2	2.72	5.47 × 10−3	0.50
l-Histidine	↓	Histidine metabolism	6.80 × 10−3	0.38	6.10 × 10−3	3.04
Uric acid	↑	Purine metabolism	3.32 × 10−4	2.87	2.75 × 10−2	0.39
2-Phenylacetamide	↑	Phenylalanine metabolism	3.82 × 10−2	2.01	9.16 × 10−2	0.82
Phenyl glucuronide	↑		8.31 × 10−3	2.50	1.00 × 10−2	0.47
Purine	↑	Purine metabolism	3.90 × 10−2	1.86	8.88 × 10−2	0.59
L-Tryptophan	↓	Tryptophan metabolism	3.68 × 10−2	0.47	1.77 × 10−2	1.73
Hippuric acid	↑	Glycine metabolism	7.22 × 10−5	2.91	6.79 × 10−3	0.64
Phenylacetylglutamine	↑	Glutamine metabolism	3.79 × 10−2	2.01	9.53 × 10−2	0.70
4-Hydroxyhippuric acid	↑	Glycine metabolism	5.81 × 10−3	2.52	4.38 × 10−2	0.53
Indoxylsulfuric acid	↑	Tryptophan metabolism	4.29 × 10−2	2.14	2.26 × 10−2	0.62
p-Cresol sulfate	↑	Tyrosine metabolism	1.93 × 10−2	1.56	3.10 × 10−2	0.55
p-Cresol glucuronide	↑	Tyrosine metabolism	3.92 × 10−3	3.44	1.45 × 10−2	0.48
Citric acid	↓	TCA cycle	9.53 × 10−3	0.47	1.47 × 10−2	2.25

^aAbbreviations: DN, diabetic nephropathy; BLC, Bailing capsule; FC, fold change.

^bArrow (↑) indicates relative increase in signal. Arrow (↓) indicates relative decrease in signal.

^cThe P value was calculated by one-way ANOVA and then by the Tukey post hoc test for comparisons of multiple groups.