Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics and CMR Findings of Patients With and Without MACEs
| Variable | Total (N=523) | MACEs (+) (N=62) | MACEs (−) (N=461) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, mean±SD, y | 65±12 | 68±9 | 65±2 | 0.013 |
| Men, n (%) | 425 (81.3) | 49 (79.0) | 376 (81.6) | 0.630 |
| Medical history, n (%) | ||||
| History of MI | 58 (11.1) | 12 (19.4) | 46 (10.0) | 0.028 |
| Hypertension | 327 (62.5) | 41 (66.1) | 286 (62.0) | 0.532 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 253 (48.4) | 29 (46.8) | 224 (48.6) | 0.790 |
| Diabetes | 184 (35.2) | 24 (38.7) | 160 (34.7) | 0.536 |
| Current smoker | 211 (40.3) | 28 (45.2) | 183 (39.7) | 0.493 |
| Family history | 54 (10.3) | 5 (8.1) | 49 (10.6) | 0.533 |
| ACS presentation, n (%) | ||||
| STEMI/NSTEMI | 325 (62.1)/198 (37.9) | 40 (64.5)/22 (35.5) | 285 (61.8)/176 (38.2) | 0.681 |
| Killip class | <0.001 | |||
| I | 433 (82.8) | 46 (74.2) | 387 (83.9) | |
| II | 42 (8.0) | 2 (3.2) | 40 (8.7) | |
| III | 29 (5.5) | 9 (14.5) | 20 (4.3) | |
| IV | 19 (3.6) | 5 (8.1) | 14 (3.0) | |
| Coronary angiography, n (%) | ||||
| Infarct‐related lesion location: RCA/LAD/LCx | 173 (33.1)/269 (51.4)/81 (15.5) | 24 (38.7)/26 (43.6)/11 (17.7) | 149 (32.3)/242 (52.5)/70 (15.2) | 0.423 |
| TIMI flow grade at baseline | 0.133 | |||
| 0 | 228 (43.6) | 26 (41.9) | 202 (43.8) | |
| 1 | 47 (9.0) | 1 (1.6) | 46 (10.0) | |
| 2 | 115 (22.0) | 17 (27.4) | 98 (21.3) | |
| 3 | 133 (25.4) | 18 (29.0) | 115 (24.9) | |
| TIMI flow grade at final | 0.743 | |||
| 0 | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.4) | |
| 1 | 9 (1.7) | 2 (3.2) | 7 (1.5) | |
| 2 | 55 (10.5) | 6 (9.7) | 49 (10.6) | |
| 3 | 457 (87.4) | 54 (87.1) | 403 (87.4) | |
| Multivessel disease | 268 (51.2) | 41 (66.1) | 227 (49.2) | 0.012 |
| Ad hoc PCI of the non–infarct‐related artery during index procedure | 21 (4.0) | 3 (4.8) | 18 (3.9) | 0.725 |
| Staged PCI of the non–infarct‐related artery during index hospitalization | 140 (26.8) | 20 (32.3) | 120 (26.0) | 0.298 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| LDL‐chol, mg/dL | 111 (88–135) | 104 (87–132) | 112 (88–136) | 0.179 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 68.7 (57.7–80.9) | 64.5 (52.9–75.4) | 69.6 (58.8–81.3) | 0.021 |
| HbA1c, % | 6.0 (5.6–6.8) | 6.2 (5.6–7.0) | 6.0 (5.6–6.8) | 0.468 |
| NT‐proBNP, ng/L | 409 (134–1141) | 1016 (324–2678) | 364 (125–957) | <0.001 |
| Peak CK, IU/L | 1248 (281–2815) | 1562 (225–3225) | 1210 (289–2793) | 0.875 |
| Peak CK‐MB, IU/L | 115 (28–281) | 129 (23–369) | 111 (29–274) | 0.817 |
| hs‐CRP, mg/dL | 0.220 (0.090–0.750) | 0.390 (0.120–0.950) | 0.210 (0.090–0.712) | 0.056 |
| CMR indexes | ||||
| EDV, mL | 117.9 (97.3–140.2) | 127.7 (103.2–158.2) | 117.0 (96.3–139.4) | 0.021 |
| ESV, mL | 51.0 (38.7–73.1) | 65.9 (42.2–104.3) | 50.6 (38.5–69.6) | 0.007 |
| LVMI, g/m2 | 83.1 (69.9–95.6) | 92.6 (78.6–107.7) | 82.0 (69.3–92.9) | <0.001 |
| EF, % | 55.4 (45.7–63.2) | 49.6 (37.3–61.8) | 56.0 (47.8–63.2) | 0.012 |
| CSF at rest, mL/min per g | 0.79 (0.55–1.05) | 0.85 (0.63–1.03) | 0.76 (0.55–1.04) | 0.197 |
| Corrected CSF at rest, mL/min per g | 0.94 (0.68–1.26) | 0.94 (0.77–1.28) | 0.93 (0.67–1.24) | 0.508 |
| CSF at hyperemia, mL/min per g | 2.05 (1.42–2.73) | 1.46 (1.16–2.21) | 2.11 (1.49–2.75) | <0.001 |
| g‐CFR | 2.54 (1.82–3.70) | 1.86 (1.36–2.63) | 2.69 (1.91–3.81) | <0.001 |
| Corrected g‐CFR | 2.17 (1.54–3.03) | 1.60 (1.13–2.20) | 2.25 (1.62–3.10) | <0.001 |
| LGE volume, cm3 | 9.3 (3.4–16.0) | 12.3 (4.9–20.4) | 9.1 (2.7–15.6) | 0.005 |
| MVO presence, n (%) | 142 (27.2) | 24 (38.7) | 118 (25.6) | 0.043 |
ACS indicates acute coronary syndrome; CK, creatine kinase; CK‐MB, CK–myocardial band; CMR, cine‐magnetic resonance imaging; CSF, coronary sinus flow; EDV, end‐diastolic volume; EF, ejection fraction; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESV, end‐systolic volume; g‐CFR, global coronary flow reserve; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery; LCx, left circumflex coronary artery; LDL‐chol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LGE, late gadolinium enhancement; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; MACE, major adverse cardiac event; MI, myocardial infarction; MVO, microvascular obstruction; NSTEMI, non–ST‐segment–elevation MI; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; RCA, right coronary artery; STEMI, ST‐segment–elevation MI; and TIMI, Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction.