Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Entire Patient Group
| Variable | Male | Female | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n=605) | Non‐SCAF (n=482) | SCAF (n=123) | P value | Total (n=619) | Non‐SCAF (n=517) | SCAF (n=102) | P value | |
| Age, y | 70 (62–79) | 70 (62–78) | 71 (63–79) | 0.749 | 69 (62–77) | 69 (61–77) | 70 (63–76) | 0.704 |
| History | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 341 (56) | 269 (56) | 72 (59) | 0.586 | 370 (60) | 309 (60) | 61 (60) | 0.995 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 140 (120–152) | 140 (120–150) | 141 (120–159) | 0.114 | 140 (126–154) | 140 (125–153) | 140 (126–156) | 0.592 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 76 (68–81) | 76 (67–80) | 78 (70–85) | 0.194 | 73 (64–80) | 73 (64–80) | 72 (61–80) | 0.517 |
| Congestive heart failure | 123 (20) | 91 (19) | 32 (26) | 0.079 | 112 (18) | 95 (18) | 17 (17) | 0.682 |
| Diabetes | 134 (22) | 113 (23) | 21 (17) | 0.129 | 124 (20) | 105 (20) | 19 (19) | 0.698 |
| Stroke/TIA | 52 (9) | 45 (9) | 7 (6) | 0.198 | 47 (8) | 36 (7) | 11 (11) | 0.183 |
| Coronary artery disease | 175 (29) | 140 (29) | 35 (28) | 0.897 | 109 (18) | 89 (17) | 20 (20) | 0.562 |
| COPD | 11 (2) | 10 (2) | 1 (1) | 0.35 | 9 (1) | 9 (2) | 0 (0) | 0.179 |
| eGFR, mL/min·per 1.73 m2 | 84 (72–94) | 85 (72–94) | 83 (71–93) | 0.374 | 87 (74–95) | 87 (74–95) | 85 (71–94) | 0.217 |
| Excessive alcohol drinking | 116 (19) | 95 (20) | 21 (17) | 0.507 | 2 (0) | 2 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.529 |
| Current smoking | 179 (30) | 138 (29) | 41 (33) | 0.308 | 5 (1) | 5 (1) | 0 (0) | 0.319 |
| CHA2DS2‐VASc score | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–3) | 2.4±1.5 | 2 (1–4) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 0.839 |
| Pacing indication | ||||||||
| Sinus‐node disease | 234 (39) | 192 (40) | 42 (34) | 0.248 | 340 (55) | 282 (55) | 58 (57) | 0.667 |
| Atrioventricular node disease | 265 (44) | 215 (45) | 50 (41) | 0.430 | 214 (35) | 176 (34) | 38 (37) | 0.533 |
| Both sinus and atrioventricular node disease | 31 (5) | 23 (5) | 8 (7) | 0.437 | 13 (2) | 12 (2) | 1 (1) | 0.388 |
| Others | 75 (12) | 52 (11) | 23 (19) | 0.017 | 52 (8) | 47 (9) | 5 (5) | 0.163 |
| Device implanted | ||||||||
| PPM | 528 (87) | 428 (89) | 100 (81) | 0.026 | 567 (92) | 472 (91) | 95 (93) | 0.540 |
| ICD | 43 (7) | 33 (7) | 10 (8) | 0.621 | 17 (3) | 16 (3) | 1 (1) | 0.232 |
| CRT‐P | 10 (2) | 7 (1) | 3 (2) | 0.444 | 17 (3) | 15 (3) | 2 (2) | 0.664 |
| CRT‐D | 24 (4) | 14 (3) | 10 (8) | 0.008 | 18 (3) | 14 (3) | 4 (4) | 0.505 |
| Medications | ||||||||
| Aspirin | 269 (44) | 202 (42) | 67 (54) | 0.012 | 217 (35) | 173 (33) | 44 (43) | 0.061 |
| ACE inhibitor/ARB | 268 (44) | 210 (44) | 58 (47) | 0.475 | 253 (41) | 200 (39) | 53 (52) | 0.013 |
| CCB | 305 (50) | 238 (49) | 67 (54) | 0.313 | 320 (52) | 258 (50) | 62 (61) | 0.044 |
| Statin | 359 (59) | 273 (57) | 86 (70) | 0.007 | 338 (55) | 273 (53) | 65 (64) | 0.043 |
| Echocardiogram parameters | ||||||||
| LAD, mm | 38 (35–41) | 38 (35–40) | 38 (36–42) | 0.010 | 37 (35–39) | 37 (34–39) | 37 (35–40) | 0.032 |
| LVEF, % | 58 (57–59) | 58 (57–59) | 58 (54–59) | 0.001 | 58 (58–59) | 58 (58–59) | 58 (58–59) | 0.466 |
| Biomarkers | ||||||||
| Homocysteine, μmol/L | 14.8 (12.7–18.1) | 14.4 (12.4–17.5) | 16.2 (13.9–19.4) | <0.001 | 12.2 (10.1–14.3) | 11.8 (9.9–13.9) | 14.2 (11.7–17.1) | <0.001 |
| UA, μmol/L | 366 (310–425) | 361 (299–417) | 396 (337–448) | <0.001 | 309 (258–366) | 303 (252–352) | 364 (296–436) | <0.001 |
Values are reported as median values (interquartile range) or n (%). ACE indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT‐D/P, cardiac resynchronization therapy with/without defibrillation therapy; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICD, implantable defibrillator; LAD, left atrial diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; PPM, permanent pacemaker; SCAF, subclinical atrial fibrillation; TIA, transient ischemic attack; and UA, uric acid.