Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics and Laboratory Testing Stratified by In‐Hospital ACEi/ARB Use
| Variables | Did not receive ACEi/ARB (n=1288) | ACEi/ARB (n=398) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y, n (%) | <0.001* | ||
| <45 y | 300 (23.3) | 32 (8.0) | |
| 45–64 y | 549 (42.6) | 154 (38.7) | |
| 65–79 y | 313 (24.3) | 157 (39.4) | |
| ≥80 y | 126 (9.8) | 55 (13.8) | |
| Male sex, n (%) | 558 (43.3) | 165 (41.5) | 0.55 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 31 (9) | 33 (11) | 0.001* |
| Black race, n (%) | 248 (19.3) | 80 (20.1) | 0.76 |
| History of tobacco use, n (%) | 429 (33.3) | 174 (43.7) | <0.001* |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 488 (37.9) | 371 (93.2) | <0.001* |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 119 (9.2) | 97 (24.4) | <0.001* |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 284 (22.0) | 218 (54.8) | <0.001* |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 107 (8.3) | 65 (16.3) | <0.001* |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 158 (12.3) | 71 (17.8) | 0.006* |
| End‐stage renal disease on dialysis, n (%) | 43 (3.3) | 7 (1.8) | 0.15 |
| Admission estimated glomerular filtration rate, mean (SD) | 77 (32) | 65 (28) | <0.001* |
| Presenting symptoms, n (%) | |||
| Fever | 831 (64.5) | 229 (57.5) | 0.014* |
| Shortness of breath | 933 (72.4) | 286 (71.9) | 0.87 |
| Diarrhea | 356 (27.6) | 108 (27.1) | 0.90 |
| Altered mental status | 107 (8.3) | 39 (9.8) | 0.41 |
| Hypoxia | 525 (41.4) | 147 (37.3) | 0.16 |
| Laboratory data, mean (SD) | |||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.9 (2.4) | 12.8 (2.2) | 0.49 |
| White blood cell count, k/µL | 7.4 (4.7) | 7.0 (4.3) | 0.19 |
| Absolute neutrophil, count, k/µL | 5.6 (3.6) | 5.4 (2.8) | 0.29 |
| Absolute lymphocyte count, k/µL | 1.2 (2.6) | 1.1 (2.9) | 0.70 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, IU/L | 65.7 (221.4) | 55.3 (71.1) | 0.38 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, IU/L | 56.1 (304.6) | 43.9 (56.5) | 0.44 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.75 (1.3) | 0.66 (0.4) | 0.19 |
| Inflammatory markers, median (interquartile range) | |||
| Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, ng/mL | 7.0 (5.0, 10.7) | 7.7 (5.7, 10.3) | 0.05 |
| C‐reactive protein, mg/dL | 8.0 (4.1, 15.0) | 7.3 (3.8, 13.9) | 0.50 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, IU/L | 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.9) | 0.25 |
| Interleukin‐6, pg/mL | 18.4 (12.5, 94.0) | 12.5 (12.5, 62.4) | 0.75 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.40 (0.17, 1.43) | 0.27 (0.12, 0.91) | 0.06 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 659 (273, 1367) | 636 (289, 1268) | 0.49 |
| D‐dimer, FEU mg/L | 0.92 (0.53, 1.91) | 0.87 (0.53, 1.56) | 0.31 |
ACEi/ARB indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; and IU, international units.
*
Statistically significant P values at α=0.05.