Table 1.
Patient Characteristics
| Heart failure cohort | Pre‐COVID‐19 (January 1, 2018–March 20, 2020) | COVID‐19 (March 21, 2020–September 21, 2020) | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Winter | Spring | Summer | Fall | Spring | Summer | ||
| (N=5948) | (N=4163) | (N=3844) | (N=4016) | (N=1565) | (N=1685) | ||
| Daily volume | 23.6 (6.30) | 22.3 (6.02) | 20.7 (5.71) | 22.3 (5.84) | 17.0 (5.75) | 18.3 (4.94) | <0.001 |
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 2907 (48.9) | 2007 (48.2) | 1981 (51.5) | 1958 (48.8) | 759 (48.5) | 793 (47.1) | 0.05 |
| Male | 3041 (51.1) | 2156 (51.8) | 1863 (48.5) | 2058 (51.2) | 806 (51.5) | 892 (52.9) | |
| Race | |||||||
| Black | 2397 (40.3) | 1731 (41.6) | 1613 (42.0) | 1699 (42.3) | 690 (44.1) | 746 (44.3) | 0.02 |
| White | 3551 (59.7) | 2432 (58.4) | 2231 (58.0) | 2317 (57.7) | 875 (55.9) | 939 (55.7) | |
| Insurance | |||||||
| Commercial | 653 (11.0) | 457 (11.0) | 412 (10.7) | 433 (10.8) | 158 (10.1) | 184 (10.9) | <0.001 |
| Medicaid | 737 (12.4) | 524 (12.6) | 478 (12.4) | 497 (12.4) | 249 (15.9) | 263 (15.6) | |
| Medicare | 4394 (73.9) | 3084 (74.1) | 2858 (74.3) | 2978 (74.2) | 1107 (70.7) | 1178 (69.9) | |
| Self pay | 164 (2.8) | 98 (2.4) | 96 (2.5) | 108 (2.7) | 51 (3.3) | 60 (3.6) | |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Renal failure | 3423 (57.5) | 2348 (56.4) | 2189 (56.9) | 2377 (59.2) | 870 (55.6) | 982 (58.3) | 0.77 |
| Liver disease | 326 (5.5) | 258 (6.2) | 215 (5.6) | 259 (6.4) | 127 (8.1) | 111 (6.6) | 0.01 |
| Diabetes | 2419 (40.7) | 1655 (39.8) | 1491 (38.8) | 1617 (40.3) | 610 (39.0) | 671 (39.8) | 0.92 |
| Valvular heart disease | 1656 (27.8) | 1088 (26.1) | 1009 (26.2) | 1072 (26.7) | 399 (25.5) | 425 (25.2) | 0.37 |
| Hypertension | 5424 (91.2) | 3786 (90.9) | 3550 (92.4) | 3716 (92.5) | 1438 (91.9) | 1552 (92.1) | 0.53 |
| Chronic pulm. disease | 2526 (42.5) | 1844 (44.3) | 1712 (44.5) | 1730 (43.1) | 682 (43.6) | 720 (42.7) | 0.23 |
| Fluid/electrolyte disorder | 1994 (33.5) | 1347 (32.4) | 1273 (33.1) | 1342 (33.4) | 628 (40.1) | 654 (38.8) | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 1573 (26.4) | 1151 (27.6) | 986 (25.7) | 1046 (26.0) | 416 (26.6) | 492 (29.2) | 0.18 |
| AMI cohort | Pre‐COVID‐19 (January 1, 2018–March 20, 2020) | COVID‐19 (March 21, 2020–September 21, 2020) | P value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Winter | Spring | Summer | Fall | Spring | Summer | |||
| (N=1645) | (N=1234) | (N=1128) | (N=1186) | (N=450) | (N=505) | |||
| Daily volume | 6.55 (2.70) | 6.63 (2.54) | 6.1 (2.26) | 6.59 (2.72) | 4.89 (2.28) | 5.49 (2.31) | <0.001 | |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 630 (38.3) | 468 (37.9) | 458 (40.6) | 459 (38.7) | 163 (36.2) | 196 (38.8) | 0.41 | |
| Male | 1015 (61.7) | 766 (62.1) | 670 (59.4) | 727 (61.3) | 287 (63.8) | 309 (61.2) | ||
| Race | ||||||||
| Black | 369 (22.4) | 258 (20.9) | 239 (21.2) | 250 (21.1) | 97 (21.6) | 116 (23.0) | 0.45 | |
| White | 1276 (77.6) | 976 (79.1) | 889 (78.8) | 936 (78.9) | 353 (78.4) | 389 (77.0) | ||
| Insurance | ||||||||
| Commercial | 454 (27.6) | 310 (25.1) | 296 (26.2) | 320 (27.0) | 114 (25.3) | 131 (25.9) | 0.94 | |
| Medicaid | 142 (8.6) | 94 (7.6) | 94 (8.3) | 75 (6.3) | 40 (8.9) | 42 (8.3) | ||
| Medicare | 977 (59.4) | 757 (61.3) | 671 (59.5) | 729 (61.5) | 273 (60.7) | 297 (58.8) | ||
| Self‐pay | 72 (4.4) | 73 (5.9) | 67 (5.9) | 62 (5.2) | 23 (5.1) | 35 (6.9) | ||
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Renal failure | 476 (28.9) | 328 (26.6) | 337 (29.9) | 358 (30.2) | 140 (31.1) | 159 (31.5) | 0.08 | |
| Liver disease | 85 (5.2) | 58 (4.7) | 51 (4.5) | 48 (4.0) | 29 (6.4) | 25 (5.0) | 0.24 | |
| Diabetes | 487 (29.6) | 354 (28.7) | 332 (29.4) | 358 (30.2) | 123 (27.3) | 145 (28.7) | 0.60 | |
| Valvular heart disease | 330 (20.1) | 204 (16.5) | 203 (18.0) | 220 (18.5) | 83 (18.4) | 86 (17.0) | 0.79 | |
| Hypertension | 805 (48.9) | 572 (46.4) | 542 (48.0) | 586 (49.4) | 216 (48.0) | 251 (49.7) | 0.39 | |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 420 (25.5) | 325 (26.3) | 301 (26.7) | 268 (22.6) | 113 (25.1) | 124 (24.6) | 0.34 | |
| Fluid/electrolyte disorder | 468 (28.4) | 313 (25.4) | 310 (27.5) | 347 (29.3) | 137 (30.4) | 133 (26.3) | 0.28 | |
| Obesity | 360 (21.9) | 261 (21.2) | 228 (20.2) | 251 (21.2) | 92 (20.4) | 99 (19.6) | 0.68 | |
Variables were reported as numbers and percentages. P value compares spring/summer pre‐COVID‐19 to spring/summer during COVID‐19.
AMI indicates acute myocardial infarction.