Figure 1. Sample selection flowchart.

Patients were required to have at least a 6‐month observation period before the index date for baseline characteristic assessment. AF indicates atrial fibrillation; AP, antiplatelet agents; AT, antithrombotic agents; ICH, intracranial hemorrhage; IS, ischemic stroke; NOAC, non‐vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants; and OAC, oral anticoagulants.