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. 2022 Mar 9;11(6):e024521. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.024521

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© 2022 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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A, Distribution of the global LA voltage (V_GLA) ordered from lowest to highest in the AF group and the control group. The range bar corresponds to 10th and 90th percentiles of voltage of each patient. Q1 to Q4 show quartiles of the AF group based on V_GLA. Red dot shows a patient with atrial biopsy, while black dot shows a patient without biopsy. The radar charts show the mean voltage value of the 6 anatomical regions of the LA (V_RLA) (A, anterior; S, septum; R, roof; I, inferior; P, posterior; L, lateral) for all patients in each quartile and the control group. B, LA was divided into the 6 anatomical regions to calculate each V_RLA. The white tags on the posterior wall were 1 cm in diameter. The maximum voltage in each 1 cm² area was selected with reference to these tags, and the V_GLA and V_RLA at each anatomical region were calculated as the mean of these values. C, The radar chart shows the mean V_RLA for each quartile and the control group. V_RLA decreased in all regions as the quartile moved down. The V_RLA of Q4 and the control was similar in all regions. AF indicates atrial fibrillation; LA, left atrium; LAA, left atrial appendage; LSPV, left superior pulmonary vein; and RSPV, right superior pulmonary vein.