Table 3.
Adjusted Association of Echocardiographic Characteristics and the Primary End Point According to the Glycemic Status
| No diabetes (317/2208) 2.7 per 100 person‐years | Prediabetes (295/1818) 3.1 per 100 person‐years | Diabetes (499/2033) 4.9 per 100 person‐years | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P | |Z| | HR | 95% CI | P | |Z| | HR | 95% CI | P | |Z| | |
| LV structure | ||||||||||||
| LVEDDi, per 0.1 cm/m2 increase | 1.09 | 1.04–1.14 | 0.001 | 3.8 | 1.13 | 1.09–1.18 | <0.001 | 6.0 | 1.07 | 1.04–1.11 | <0.001 | 4.1 |
| IVS, per 0.1 cm increase | 1.11 | 1.03–1.21 | 0.006 | 2.7 | 1.10 | 1.02–1.18 | 0.015 | 2.4 | 1.07 | 1.01–1.13 | 0.013 | 2.4 |
| LVMi, per 10 g/m2 | 1.18 | 1.12–1.25 | <0.001 | 5.9 | 1.24 | 1.17–1.31 | <0.001 | 7.7 | 1.28 | 1.08–1.17 | <0.001 | 6.0 |
| LVH | 2.32 | 1.65–3.32 | <0.001 | 4.9 | 2.51 | 1.80–3.51 | <0.001 | 5.4 | 1.76 | 1.38–2.26 | <0.001 | 4.5 |
| EDVi, per 5 mL/m2 increase | 1.12 | 1.06–1.18 | <0.001 | 4.0 | 1.11 | 1.05–1.17 | <0.001 | 3.9 | 1.11 | 1.06–1.16 | <0.001 | 4.8 |
| ESVi, per 5 mL/m2 increase | 1.24 | 1.14–1.34 | <0.001 | 5.3 | 1.16 | 1.07–1.26 | <0.001 | 3.7 | 1.15 | 1.08–1.22 | <0.001 | 4.5 |
| Systolic function | ||||||||||||
| LVEF, per 5% increase | 0.83 | 0.76–0.91 | <0.001 | 3.9 | 0.88 | 0.81–0.96 | 0.004 | 2.8 | 0.89 | 0.83–0.95 | 0.001 | 3.4 |
| GLS, per 1% increase | 1.07 | 1.01–1.12 | 0.007 | 2.7 | 1.06 | 1.00–1.11 | 0.021 | 2.3 | 1.07 | 1.03–1.11 | <0.001 | 3.6 |
| RV FAC, per 5% increase | 1.03 | 0.95–1.12 | 0.42 | 0.8 | 0.96 | 0.88–1.04 | 0.35 | 0.9 | 0.95 | 0.89–1.02 | 0.24 | 1.1 |
| Diastolic function | ||||||||||||
| LAVi, per 5 mL/m2 increase | 1.08 | 1.04–1.12 | <0.001 | 4.3 | 1.16 | 1.10–1.23 | <0.001 | 5.3 | 1.20 | 1.14–1.26 | <0.001 | 7.1 |
| E/A ratio, per 0.1 cm/s increase | 1.09 | 1.05–1.12 | <0.001 | 5.2 | 1.05 | 1.01–1.10 | 0.015 | 2.4 | 1.03 | 1.00–1.07 | 0.017 | 2.4 |
| E/e′ average, per 1 U increase | 1.05 | 1.03–1.08 | <0.001 | 4.1 | 1.06 | 1.03–1.10 | <0.001 | 4.4 | 1.03 | 1.01–1.05 | <0.001 | 4.0 |
Adjustment: sex, race/center, log‐total cholesterol, log‐LDL, statins medication, history of hypertension, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, QRS interval, estimated glomerular filtration rate, body mass index, smoking status, prevalent heart failure, heart valve disease, and history of implantable cardiac defibrillator/pacemaker, stratified by age and history of coronary artery disease. GLS indicates global longitudinal strain; IVS, interventricular septum; LAVi, left atrial volume index; LVEDDi, left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter index; LVEDVi, left ventricular end‐diastolic volume index; LVESVi, left ventricular end‐systolic volume index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; LVMi, left ventricular mass index; and RV FAC, right ventricular fractional area change.