Table 2.

Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Risk of Incident HFpEF per Unit Increase in CES‐D Score

Variable	No.	Events	HR (95% CI)	P Value
HFpEF
Adjusted for demographic covariates, socioeconomic indicators, health behaviors, prevalent chronic conditions, and cardiovascular risk factors*	4843	128	1.06 (1.01–1.12)	0.02
+Echocardiography †	4795	126	1.06 (1.00–1.12)	0.03
+Cardiac biomarkers ‡	4495	120	1.06 (1.00–1.12)	0.04
+hs‐CRP	4493	120	1.06 (1.00–1.12)	0.04

CES‐D indicates Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HR, hazard ratio; and hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein.

^*Demographic covariates include age, sex, and race; socioeconomic indicators include income and education; health behaviors include smoking, drinking, and physical activity; prevalent chronic conditions and cardiovascular risk factors include diabetes mellitus, body mass index, heart rate, and estimated glomerular filtration rate.

^† Echocardiography includes left ventricular mass index, left ventricular mean wall thickness, septal early diastolic myocardial velocity, and ratio of mitral peak velocity of early filling/early diastolic mitral annular velocity.

^‡ Cardiac biomarkers include NT‐proBNP (N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide) and troponin T.