Table 1.
Characteristics of IHCA
| Variable | 5‐year trends | Overall P trend value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999–2003, n=354 013 | 2004–2008, n=412 553 | 2009–2013, n=491 336 | 2014–2018, n=537 460 | ||
| Patient characteristics | |||||
| Age, y, mean±SD | 68.38±0.17 | 67.38±0.18 | 66.61±0.11 | 66.03±0.59 | 0.001 |
| Age <65 y, % | 34.39 | 38.54 | 41.24 | 42.11 | 0.001 |
| Age 65–75 y, % | 23.51 | 21.98 | 22.99 | 25.51 | 0.001 |
| Age >75–85 y, % | 28.57 | 26.20 | 22.93 | 21.23 | 0.001 |
| Age >85 y, % | 13.52 | 13.28 | 12.84 | 11.15 | 0.001 |
| Women, % | 46.28 | 45.54 | 44.40 | 42.70 | 0.001 |
| Race and ethnicity, % | |||||
| White | 68.71 | 65.50 | 63.00 | 62.13 | 0.001 |
| Black | 17.63 | 18.83 | 20.92 | 21.27 | 0.798 |
| Hispanic | 8.36 | 9.50 | 9.59 | 9.81 | 0.9 |
| Other* | 5.31 | 6.16 | 6.50 | 6.79 | 0.961 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score, mean±SD | 2.08±0.01 | 2.33±0.01 | 2.82±0.01 | 3.25±0.01 | 0.001 |
| 0, % | 16.78 | 15.93 | 13.27 | 10.18 | 0.001 |
| 1, % | 27.27 | 23.67 | 18.82 | 15.95 | 0.001 |
| ≥2, % | 55.95 | 60.41 | 67.91 | 73.87 | 0.001 |
| Median income, % | |||||
| First quartile | 12.59 | 25.99 | 26.53 | 34.31 | 0.001 |
| Second quartile | 30.59 | 26.00 | 23.00 | 20.44 | 0.001 |
| Third quartile | 32.17 | 25.23 | 23.59 | 18.99 | 0.001 |
| Fourth quartile | 34.30 | 25.59 | 22.10 | 17.99 | 0.001 |
| Insurance details, % | |||||
| Medicaid, Medicare | 75.13 | 74.10 | 74.66 | 75.81 | 0.001 |
| Private | 18.69 | 18.51 | 17.30 | 17.36 | 0.001 |
| Self‐pay, other | 5.93 | 7.27 | 7.85 | 6.71 | 0.001 |
| Hospital region, % | |||||
| Northeast | 20.61 | 19.56 | 18.77 | 15.81 | 0.001 |
| Midwest | 20.37 | 18.66 | 19.72 | 21.54 | 0.001 |
| South | 33.55 | 36.54 | 38.97 | 41.44 | 0.001 |
| West | 25.47 | 25.24 | 22.55 | 21.21 | 0.001 |
| Hospital size, no. of beds, % | |||||
| Small, 1–99 | 9.29 | 9.38 | 9.38 | 15.27 | 0.001 |
| Medium, 100–200 | 25.62 | 25.75 | 25.33 | 29.54 | 0.001 |
| Large, >200 | 65.09 | 64.86 | 65.29 | 55.19 | 0.001 |
| Urban hospital, % | 88.75 | 90.66 | 91.67 | 94.29 | 0.001 |
| Teaching hospital, % | 40.90 | 42.62 | 48.98 | 69.89 | 0.001 |
| Admission diagnosis, % | |||||
| Sepsis | 12.20 | 16.65 | 21.43 | 24.55 | 0.001 |
| AMI | 13.98 | 10.20 | 9.84 | 10.99 | 0.001 |
| Respiratory failure | 6.05 | 10.06 | 9.42 | 8.12 | 0.001 |
| Heart failure | 6.46 | 5.86 | 4.67 | 4.81 | 0.001 |
| Length of stay, d | 8.22±0.13 | 8.68±0.12 | 8.60±0.08 | 8.51±0.05 | 0.061 |
| VT/VF arrest, % | 21.27 | 20.61 | 23.26 | 27.33 | 0.001 |
| Intervention, % | |||||
| TTM | 0.02 | 0.12 | 1.35 | 1.50 | 0.001 |
| Coronary angiography | 5.33 | 6.17 | 7.93 | 11.60 | 0.001 |
| PCI | 3.09 | 3.80 | 5.16 | 7.66 | 0.001 |
| ECMO | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.001 |
| Disposition, % of all IHCA | |||||
| Home | 7.46 | 6.95 | 7.62 | 8.60 | 0.001 |
| SAR | 3.99 | 3.08 | 3.31 | 3.83 | 0.111 |
| SNF | 7.00 | 8.93 | 11.61 | 13.97 | 0.001 |
| HHC | 2.53 | 3.06 | 3.80 | 4.74 | 0.001 |
| Hospital cost, $, adjusted for inflation to 2018 | 70 150±1806 | 95 572±2183 | 125 877±2270 | 166 235±1425 | 0.001 |
AMI indicates acute myocardial infarction; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HHC, home health care; IHCA, in‐hospital cardiac arrest; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SAR, subacute rehab; SNF, skilled nursing facility; TTM, targeted temperature management; and VT/VF, ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation.
*
Other: Asian or Pacific Islander, Native American and other unclassified racial and ethnic groups.