Table 1.
Demographic, Clinical, and Echocardiographic Parameters, Overall and According to AT/ET ≤0.35 and >0.35
| Variable | All (N=353) | AT/ET ≤0.35 (n=183) | AT/ET >0.35 (n=170) | Overall P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and clinical characteristics | ||||
| Age, y | 79 (71 to 85) | 77 (68 to 84) | 78 (70 to 84) | 0.665 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 163 (46) | 80 (44) | 83 (49) | 0.393 |
| Body surface area, m² | 1.86 (1.72 to 2.00) | 1.87 (1.69 to 2.00) | 1.86 (1.73 to 2.00) | 0.628 |
| BMI, kg/m² | 27.1 (23.9 to 31.2) | 27.0 (23.9 to 30.8) | 27.3 (23.9 to 32.1) | 0.274 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 140 (126 to 151) | 140 (130 to 156) | 138 (120 to 150) | 0.002 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 73 (65 to 80) | 72 (64 to 80) | 75 (67 to 80) | 0.536 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 75 (66 to 84) | 75 (66 to 84) | 74 (66 to 84) | 0.965 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 263 (74.5) | 149 (81) | 114 (67) | 0.003 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 107 (30) | 59 (32) | 48 (28) | 0.483 |
| Documented CAD, n (%) | 124 (35) | 69 (38) | 55 (32) | 0.347 |
| History of AF, n (%) | 86 (24) | 50 (27) | 36 (21) | 0.222 |
| Use of β blockers, n (%) | 139 (39) | 76 (41) | 63 (37) | 0.453 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 1 (0 to 3) | 1 (0 to 3) | 1 (0 to 3) | 0.573 |
| NYHA functional class I, n (%) | 147 (42) | 84 (46) | 63 (37) | 0.115 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | ||||
| Aortic valve | ||||
| AVA, cm² | 0.76 (0.63 to 0.87) | 0.77 (0.67 to 0.90) | 0.74 (0.58 to 0.85) | 0.005 |
| AVAi, cm²/m² | 0.41 (0.34 to 0.47) | 0.43 (0.37 to 0.48) | 0.39 (0.32 to 0.45) | <0.001 |
| Peak aortic jet velocity, m/s | 4.40 (4.18 to 4.80) | 4.35 (4.11 to 4.60) | 4.50 (4.20 to 5.00) | 0.001 |
| Mean pressure gradient, mm Hg | 49 (44 to 58) | 46 (42 to 52) | 53 (45 to 64) | <0.001 |
| Dimensionless index | 0.20 (0.17 to 0.24) | 0.22 (0.19 to 0.24) | 0.19 (0.16 to 0.22) | <0.001 |
| Acceleration time, ms | 107 (93 to 122) | 96 (83 to 108) | 120 (109 to 130) | <0.001 |
| Ejection time, ms | 305 (283 to 332) | 304 (277 to 332) | 306 (287 to 333) | 0.647 |
| AT/ET | 0.35 (0.32 to 0.39) | 0.32 (0.30 to 0.34) | 0.39 (0.37 to 0.42) | By design |
| Other parameters | ||||
| AF during TTE, n (%) | 31 (9) | 19 (10) | 12 (7) | 0.361 |
| LVEDD, mm | 48 (43 to 52) | 47 (43 to 52) | 48 (43 to 54) | 0.361 |
| LVESD, mm | 29 (26 to 34) | 29 (25.5 to 33) | 30 (26 to 35) | 0.114 |
| LV‐SV, mL | 80 (66 to 93) | 80 (68 to 91) | 79 (65 to 95) | 0.508 |
| LV‐SVi, mL/m² | 43 (37 to 50) | 44 (39 to 50) | 42 (35 to 49) | 0.082 |
| LV ejection fraction, % | 63 (60 to 68) | 64 (60 to 68.5) | 63 (59 to 66) | 0.020 |
| Flow rate, mL/s | 260 (221 to 311) | 262 (226 to 312) | 256 (212 to 302) | 0.182 |
| GLS, % (N=244) | −14.9 (−17.2 to −12) | −15.5 (−18 to −12.9) | −14.5 (−16.6 to −11) | 0.007 |
| RWT | 0.51 (0.43 to 0.61) | 0.50 (0.42 to 0.59) | 0.52 (0.44 to 0.63) | 0.062 |
| LVMi, g/m² | 120 (99.2 to 146) | 117 (95.4 to 138) | 128 (104 to 153) | 0.004 |
| LAVi, mL/m² | 41 (33 to 52) | 41 (32 to 51) | 43 (34 to 54) | 0.140 |
| E/A ratio | 0.77 (0.63 to 1.01) | 0.77 (0.65 to 1.01) | 0.77 (0.63 to 1.01) | 0.662 |
| E/e' ratio | 8.94 (6.50 to 12.9) | 9.00 (7.00 to 12.4) | 8.50 (5.92 to 13.1) | 0.237 |
| PAPs, mm Hg (N=266) | 35 (29 to 42) | 35 (29 to 41) | 34.5 (30 to 42) | 0.940 |
| TAPSE | 22 (19 to 25) | 22 (19 to 26) | 21 (18 to 25) | 0.129 |
Continuous variables are presented as median (25th to 75th percentile). Categorical variables are presented as absolute numbers and frequency. A indicates mitral A wave velocity; AF, atrial fibrillation; AT/ET, ratio of acceleration time/ejection time; AVA, aortic valve area; AVAi, AVA indexed to body surface area; BMI, body mass index; bpm, beats per minute; CAD, coronary artery disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; E, mitral E wave velocity; e', early diastolic mitral annular velocity; GLS, global longitudinal strain; LAVi, left atrial volume indexed to body surface area; LV, left ventricular; LVEDD, LV end‐diastolic diameter; LVESD, LV end‐systolic diameter; LVMi, LV mass indexed to body surface area; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PAPs, systolic pulmonary artery pressure; RWT, relative wall thickness; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SV, stroke volume; SVi, SV indexed to body surface area; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; and TTE, transthoracic echocardiography.