Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population
| Entire study participants (N=1080) | P value | Abnormal LVGLS participants (n=143) | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal LVGLS (n=937) | Abnormal LVGLS (n=143) | Without LA and/or RV impairment (n=93) | With LA and/or RV impairment (n=50) | |||
| Age, y | 62±12 | 65±11 | 0.007 | 64±11 | 67±11 | 0.067 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 498 (53.2) | 102 (71.3) | <0.001 | 68 (73.1) | 34 (68.0) | 0.563 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 302 (32.2) | 67 (46.9) | <0.001 | 47 (50.5) | 20 (40.0) | 0.292 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 88 (9.4) | 21 (14.7) | 0.072 | 15 (16.1) | 6 (12.0) | 0.624 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 347 (37.0) | 49 (34.3) | 0.577 | 35 (37.6) | 14 (28.0) | 0.273 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 119±15 | 125±16 | <0.001 | 125±16 | 127±15 | 0.514 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 75±10 | 77±12 | 0.003 | 77±13 | 79±11 | 0.386 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 71±10 | 75±11 | <0.001 | 74±11 | 77±12 | 0.141 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 87 (9.3) | 14 (9.8) | 0.877 | 12 (12.9) | 2 (4.0) | 0.138 |
| COPD, n (%) | 82 (8.8) | 20 (14.0) | 0.064 | 15 (16.1) | 5 (10.0) | 0.449 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.2±3.3 | 24.5±3.5 | <0.001 | 24.4±3.4 | 24.6±3.6 | 0.699 |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||||
| Glucose, mg/dL | 99±19 | 104±21 | 0.005 | 105±24 | 101±16 | 0.346 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 206±34 | 204±31 | 0.346 | 204±29 | 202±35 | 0.696 |
| LDL cholesterol. mg/dL | 125±31 | 124±29 | 0.776 | 124±28 | 124±31 | 0.918 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 67±19 | 59±16 | <0.001 | 59±15 | 60±18 | 0.788 |
| Median C‐reactive protein, mg/dL | 0.04 (IQR, 0.02–0.09) | 0.06 (IQR, 0.03–0.11) | 0.002 | 0.05 (IQR, 0.03–0.11) | 0.07 (IQR, 0.04–0.12) | 0.209 |
| Median B‐type natriuretic peptide, pg/mL | 16.7 (IQR, 9.4–28.4) | 15.1 (IQR, 7.9–31.6) | 0.447 | 15.7 (IQR, 7.4–28.7) | 14.6 (IQR, 8.9–38.4) | 0.549 |
| Elevated B‐type natriuretic peptide level, n (%) | 165 (17.6) | 33 (23.1) | 0.131 | 18 (19.4) | 15 (30.0) | 0.211 |
Values are mean±SD, n (percentage), or median (25th–75th percentile).
COPD indicates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; IQR, interquartile range; LA, left atrium; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; LVGLS, left ventricular global longitudinal strain; and RV, right ventricular.