. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Child Fam Stud. 2021 Aug 25;31(1):29–47. doi: 10.1007/s10826-021-02072-5

Table 3.

Results of Conditional Multilevel Models Predicting Child Externalizing and Internalizing Trajectories

	Predictors of Age 7-14 Child Externalizing Behavior Trajectory		Predictors of Age 7-14 Child Internalizing Behavior Trajectory
	Mother Parenting Model B (SE)	Father Parenting Model B (SE)	Mother Parenting Model B (SE)	Father Parenting Model B (SE)
Intercept	13.13 (1.53) ^**	14.46 (1.55) ^**	13.70 (1.64) ^**	18.61 (1.63) ^**
Age (i.e., Slope Term)	−0.55 (.13) ^**	−0.66 (.14) ^**	−0.89 (.16) ^**	−1.46 (.20) ^**
Age² (i.e., Quadratic Term)	0.08 (.02) ^**	0.08 (.02) ^**	0.11 (.02) ^**	0.13 (.02) ^**
	Between Culture Effects
Coldness/Lack of Affection	0.15 (.30)	0.08 (.35)	0.00 (.42)	−0.31 (0.46)
Hostility/Aggression	20.50 (12.92)	22.28 (23.25)	21.01 (19.19)	56.97 (31.14)
Indifference/Neglect	4.22 (7.70)	5.49 (8.05)	7.04 (11.78)	2.99 (10.33)
Indifference/Neglect x Age	N/A	N/A	−2.70 (1.34) ^*	−2.08 (1.25)
Indifference/Neglect x Age²	N/A	N/A	0.60 (.16) ^**	0.52 (.16) ^**
Undifferentiated Rejection	−5.72 (10.10)	−4.80 (13.20)	−12.88 (15.01)	−22.02 (17.72)
Parent Education	−17.04 (9.53)	−16.85 (14.03)	−16.48 (14.09)	−36.96 (18.81)
Parent Education x Age	−1.21 (.66)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Parent Education x Age²	0.22 (.10) ^*	N/A	N/A	N/A
	Within Culture Effects
Coldness/Lack of Affection	0.27 (.12) ^*	0.35 (.11) ^**	0.09 (.45)	0.37 (.12) ^**
Hostility/Aggression	0.86 (.17) ^**	0.59 (.18) ^**	1.26 (.16) ^**	0.55 (.19) ^**
Indifference/Neglect	0.23 (.14)	0.36 (.14) ^**	0.87 (0.25) ^**	0.93 (.14) ^**
Indifference/Neglect ^*Age	N/A	N/A	0.17 (.07) ^*	N/A
Undifferentiated Rejection	2.38 (.45) ^**	0.38 (.18) ^*	1.19 (0.30) ^**	1.04 (.18) ^**
Undifferentiated Rejection x Age	−1.27 (.31) ^**	N/A	−0.29 (.09) ^**	N/A
Undifferentiated Rejection x Age²	0.18 (.05) ^**	N/A	N/A	N/A
Parent Education	−0.08 (.03) ^**	−0.09 (.03) ^**	−0.11 (.03) ^**	−0.21 (.04) ^**
Parent Education x Age	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.03 (.01) ^**
Child Gender	0.79 (.22) ^**	0.90 (.23) ^**	−0.77 (.21) ^**	−0.72 (.22) ^**

Note:

^**

p ≤ .01

p ≤ .05. Significant parameters are also bolded for easier identification. Intercept indicates parents’ score on parenting measure at age 7. Some parenting X age and parenting X age² slope terms are reported as “N/A” in some models but not others. This is because if a slope term was significant, it was kept in the model and reported. However, if a slope term was non-significant it was trimmed from the model in the interest of parsimony and to ensure other effects were interpreted correctly. Importantly, some parenting X age and parenting X age² slope terms were not significant in any model, and therefore trimmed from all models and not reported at all in the table. For instance, both the coldness/lack of affection and hostility/aggression slope terms were found to be non-significant at both the between-culture and within-culture level in every model examined. Therefore, those Hostility/Aggression X Age and Coldness/Lack of Affection X Age interaction terms are not shown in the table at all because they would take up needless space (i.e., every cell in their rows would read “N/A”). In other words, slope terms are listed as N/A in models where they are non-significant if those same terms are significant in other models. However, they are not listed at all if they were non-significant in all models, to save space.