Figure 2. Differently expressed miRNAs.

A, Heat map of miRNAs fold change (log₂) relative to median of sinus rhythm. Values in red are more and in blue are less abundant. B and C, Fold change (log₂) of miRNA expression in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (n=21; B) and chronic atrial fibrillation (n=17; C) compared with SR samples (means; error bars, standard error; *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001 from t test followed by Bonferroni correction for n=23 comparisons). (D and E) Log₂ fold changes for pAF (D) and cAF (E) relative to SR and negative log₁₀‐scaled P values of t tests (horizontal dashed line, P=0.01). (F) Differential expression of miRNAs in cAF relative to SR. Expression levels relative to housekeeping genes and absolute values of log₂ fold changes were analyzed to assess which miRNAs are abundant as well as differentially expressed (red font, predicted interaction with KCNK3; black font, previously described association with AF; means of n=61 patients±SEM are indicated). AF indicates atrial fibrillation; cAF, chronic atrial fibrillation; miRNA, microRNA; pAF, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; and SR, sinus rhythm.