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. 2022 Mar 18;11(7):e023472. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.023472

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© 2022 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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A through D, Circulating miR‐34a level were analyzed from peripheral blood samples of SR (n=5, ie 3 patients from the study population and 2 additional matched SR controls), pAF (n=5 patients from the study population), and cAF (n=6 patients from the study population). Circulating levels of miR‐34a tended to be higher in patients with increased atrial miR‐34a tissue levels (C) or with increased atrial KCNK3 mRNA levels (D). Means of n=5–6 are presented relative to the internal standard miR‐16 (for circulating miR‐34a), the aforementioned pool (tissue levels of miR‐34a) or IPO8 (KCNK3); error bars, SEM; P values of 2‐tailed t tests with P<0.05, regarded as significant, are indicated. cAF indicates chronic atrial fibrillation; miRNA indicates microRNA; pAF, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; and SR, sinus rhythm.