Table 1.
Patient and Institutional Characteristics
|
VA‐ECMO plus IABP (n=2964) |
VA‐ECMO alone (n=851) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 66 (68–74) | 70 (61–78) | <0.001 |
| Age categories, y | <0.001 | ||
| ≥20 to <50 | 336 (11.3) | 71 (8.3) | |
| ≥50 to <60 | 532 (18.0) | 126 (14.8) | |
| ≥60 to <70 | 930 (31.4) | 228 (26.8) | |
| ≥70 to <80 | 790 (26.7) | 256 (30.1) | |
| ≥80 to <90 | 361 (12.2) | 155 (18.2) | |
| ≥90 | 15 (0.5) | 15 (1.8) | |
| Male sex | 2514 (84.8) | 664 (78.0) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index | 24.0 (21.7–26.4) | 23.7 (21.6–25.8) | 0.062 |
| Emergency admission* | 2945 (99.6) | 834 (98.0) | <0.001 |
| Ambulance use † | 2632 (89.0) | 729 (85.7) | 0.008 |
| Smoker ‡ | 1165 (39.3) | 288 (33.8) | 0.008 |
| Full score Barthel index at admission | 220 (7.4) | 75 (8.8) | 0.18 |
| Killip classification | 0.83 | ||
| Killip 3 | 175 (5.8) | 48 (5.6) | |
| Killip 4 | 2791 (94.9) | 803 (94.4) | |
| Prior ischemic heart disease | 40 (1.4) | 8 (0.9) | 0.34 |
| Hypertension | 652 (22.0) | 154 (18.1) | 0.014 |
| Dyslipidemia | 462 (15.6) | 92 (10.8) | 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 623 (21.0) | 134 (15.8) | 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 105 (3.5) | 12 (1.4) | 0.002 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 29 (1.0) | 6 (0.7) | 0.46 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 91 (3.1) | 43 (5.1) | 0.006 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 105 (3.5) | 27 (3.2) | 0.60 |
| Renal disease | 198 (6.7) | 57 (6.7) | 0.99 |
| Malignancy | 39 (1.3) | 9 (1.1) | 0.55 |
| Cardiac arrest at admission | 518 (17.5) | 140 (16.5) | 0.49 |
| Hospital teaching status § | 0.001 | ||
| A | 2837 (96.9) | 804 (94.5) | |
| B | 90 (3.0) | 44 (5.2) | |
| C | 1 (0.03) | 3 (0.4) | |
| Hospital with the number of hospital beds ≥500 | 1777 (60.0) | 422 (49.6) | <0.001 |
| Number of board‐certified cardiologists per hospital | <0.001 | ||
| 0 to 2 | 220 (7.4) | 99 (11.6) | |
| 3 to 5 | 990 (33.4) | 329 (39.8) | |
| 6 to 9 | 944 (31.9) | 238 (28.0) | |
| ≥10 | 803 (27.1) | 174 (20.5) | |
| Unknown | 7 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | |
| Hospital with CCU | 2889 (97.5) | 816 (95.9) | 0.015 |
| Hospital with cardiac surgery | 2642 (89.1) | 723 (85.0) | 0.001 |
| Hospitals with board‐certified cardiac rehabilitation | 2511 (84.7) | 656 (77.1) | <0.001 |
| Aging rate | 0.027 | ||
| First quartile | 851 (28.7) | 269 (31.6) | |
| Second quartile | 768 (25.9) | 236 (27.7) | |
| Third quartile | 673 (22.7) | 154 (18.1) | |
| Fourth quartile | 672 (22.7) | 192 (22.6) | |
| Board‐certified hospital density | 0.025 | ||
| First quartile | 698 (23.6) | 172 (20.2) | |
| Second quartile | 627 (21.2) | 159 (18.7) | |
| Third quartile | 965 (32.6) | 300 (35.3) | |
| Fourth quartile | 674 (22.7) | 220 (25.9) |
Values are expressed as median (interquartile range) or number (percentage). CCU indicates coronary care unit; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; IABP, intra‐aortic balloon pumping; VA, veno‐arterial.
Data were not available in 7 and 0 patients for emergency admission in the VA‐ECMO plus IABP group and VA‐ECMO alone group, respectively.
Data were not available in 7 and 0 patients for ambulance use in the VA‐ECMO plus IABP group and VA‐ECMO alone group, respectively.
Data were not available in 776 and 258 patients for smoker in the VA‐ECMO plus IABP group and VA‐ECMO alone group, respectively.
The hospital teaching statuses were categorized as follows: class A, >2 board‐certified cardiologists and 30 cardiovascular beds; class B, >1 board‐certified cardiologists and 15 cardiovascular beds; and class C, none of the above.