Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Cohort
|
Total multimorbidity n=2610 n (%) |
ABC group n=1133 n (%) |
Non‐ABC group n=1477 n (%) |
P value |
Total polypharmacy n=1328 n (%) |
ABC group n=687 n (%) |
Non‐ABC group n=641 n (%) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y* | 74.4±10.2 | 72.8±10.1 | 75.7±10.1 | <0.001 | 74.6±10.1 | 72.9±10.1 | 76.5±9.7 | <0.001 |
| Female sex | 1116 (42.8) | 497 (43.9) | 619 (41.9) | 0.317 | 575 (43.3) | 305 (44.4) | 270 (42.1) | 0.403 |
| BMI, kg/m2 * | 24.4±3.7 | 24.6±3.8 | 24.2±3.6 | 0.005 | 24.7±3.5 | 24.8±3.5 | 24.5±3.6 | 0.109 |
| First diagnosed AF | 433 (17.1) | 150 (13.7) | 283 (19.8) | <0.001 | 247 (19.1) | 102 (15.2) | 145 (23.3) | <0.001 |
| Medical history | ||||||||
| Diabetes | 879 (33.7) | 386 (34.1) | 493 (33.4) | 0.711 | 530 (39.2) | 267 (38.9) | 253 (39.5) | 0.821 |
| Hypertension | 1951 (74.8) | 901 (79.5) | 1050 (71.1) | <0.001 | 1022 (77.0) | 544 (79.2) | 478 (74.6) | 0.046 |
| Heart failure | 1105 (42.3) | 449 (39.6) | 656 (44.4) | 0.014 | 606 (45.6) | 291 (42.4) | 315 (49.1) | 0.013 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1620 (62.1) | 622 (54.9) | 998 (67.6) | <0.001 | 870 (65.5) | 399 (58.1) | 471 (73.5) | <0.001 |
| Liver disease | 116 (4.4) | 43 (3.8) | 73 (4.9) | 0.159 | 45 (3.4) | 25 (3.6) | 20 (3.1) | 0.602 |
| Lipid disorder | 1617 (62.0) | 757 (66.8) | 869 (58.2) | <0.001 | 846 (63.7) | 449 (65.4) | 397 (61.9) | 0.195 |
| Prior ischemic stroke | 766 (29.3) | 346 (30.5) | 420 (28.4) | 0.242 | 367 (27.6) | 197 (28.7) | 170 (26.5) | 0.380 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 325 (12.5) | 105 (9.3) | 220 (14.9) | <0.001 | 160 (12.0) | 65 (9.5) | 95 (14.8) | 0.003 |
| COPD | 249 (9.5) | 79 (7.0) | 170 (11.5) | <0.001 | 113 (8.5) | 48 (7.0) | 65 (10.1) | 0.040 |
| Sleep apnea | 114 (4.4) | 55 (4.9) | 59 (4.0) | 0.287 | 57 (4.3) | 34 (4.9) | 23 (3.6) | 0.221 |
| Dementia | 61 (2.3) | 15 (1.3) | 46 (3.1) | 0.003 | 23 (1.7) | 7 (1.0) | 16 (2.5) | 0.039 |
| Prior major bleeding | 88 (3.4) | 7 (0.6) | 81 (5.5) | <0.001 | 33 (2.5) | 3 (0.4) | 30 (4.7) | <0.001 |
| CHA2DS2VASc* | 3.9±1.6 | 3.9±1.6 | 3.9±1.6 | 0.743 | 4.1±1.6 | 4.0±1.6 | 4.1±1.7 | 0.142 |
| HAS‐BLED* | 2.3±1.1 | 2.1±1.1 | 2.4±1.1 | <0.001 | 2.4±1.1 | 2.2±1.0 | 2.6±1.1 | <0.001 |
| Medications | ||||||||
| OAC | 1291 (49.5) | 1119 (98.8) | 172 (11.6) | <0.001 | 740 (55.7) | 686 (99.9) | 54 (8.4) | <0.001 |
| VKA | 595 (22.8) | 517 (45.6) | 78 (5.3) | <0.001 | 348 (26.2) | 318 (46.3) | 30 (4.7) | <0.001 |
| DOAC | 695 (26.6) | 602 (53.1) | 93 (6.3) | <0.001 | 391 (29.4) | 368 (53.6) | 23 (3.6) | 0.010 |
| Antiplatelet | 1174 (45.0) | 232 (20.5) | 942 (63.8) | <0.001 | 761 (57.3) | 200 (29.1) | 561 (87.5) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin (n=2609) | 869 (33.3) | 174 (15.4) | 695 (47.1) | <0.001 | 567 (42.7) | 147 (21.4) | 420 (65.6) | <0.001 |
| Clopidogrel (n=2609) | 557 (21.3) | 90 (7.9) | 467 (31.6) | <0.001 | 370 (27.9) | 78 (11.4) | 292 (45.7) | <0.001 |
|
Ticagrelor (n=2609) |
10 (0.4) | 3 (0.3) | 7 (0.5) | 0.391 | 7 (0.5) | 1 (0.1) | 6 (0.9) | 0.047 |
|
Dual antiplatelet (n=2608) |
283 (10.9) | 39 (3.4) | 244 (16.5) | <0.001 | 198 (14.9) | 31 (4.5) | 167 (26.2) | <0.001 |
| OAC+antiplatelet | 245 (9.4) | 220 (19.4) | 25 (1.7) | <0.001 | 216 (16.3) | 199 (29.0) | 17 (2.7) | <0.001 |
| Digoxin | 279 (10.7) | 117 (10.3) | 162 (11.0) | 0.599 | 242 (18.2) | 114 (16.6) | 128 (20.0) | 0.111 |
| β‐blockers | 1558 (59.7) | 732 (64.6) | 826 (55.9) | <0.001 | 1030 (77.6) | 526 (76.6) | 504 (78.6) | 0.368 |
| Amiodarone | 439 (16.8) | 249 (22.0) | 190 (12.9) | <0.001 | 299 (22.5) | 195 (28.4) | 104 (16.2) | <0.001 |
| Propafenone | 122 (4.7) | 50 (4.4) | 72 (4.9) | 0.580 | 59 (4.4) | 31 (4.5) | 28 (4.4) | 0.899 |
| ACE‐I | 470 (18.0) | 240 (21.2) | 230 (15.6) | <0.001 | 344 (25.9) | 189 (27.5) | 155 (24.2) | 0.166 |
| ARB | 732 (28.0) | 396 (35.0) | 336 (22.7) | <0.001 | 541 (40.7) | 301 (43.8) | 240 (37.4) | 0.018 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 736 (28.2) | 313 (27.6) | 423 (28.6) | 0.569 | 524 (39.5) | 256 (37.3) | 268 (41.8) | 0.090 |
| Diuretics | 838 (32.1) | 350 (30.9) | 488 (33.0) | 0.244 | 634 (47.7) | 292 (42.5) | 342 (53.4) | <0.001 |
| Statins | 1820 (69.7) | 852 (75.2) | 968 (65.5) | <0.001 | 1123 (84.6) | 574 (83.6) | 549 (85.6) | 0.291 |
| Insulin | 232 (8.9) | 96 (8.5) | 136 (9.2) | 0.513 | 181 (13.6) | 85 (12.4) | 96 (15.0) | 0.167 |
| Sulfonylureas | 158 (6.1) | 90 (7.9) | 68 (4.6) | <0.001 | 126 (9.5) | 75 (10.9) | 51 (8.0) | 0.066 |
| Biguanide | 234 (9.0) | 133 (11.7) | 101 (6.8) | <0.001 | 191 (14.4) | 119 (17.3) | 72 (11.2) | 0.002 |
| Nitrates | 798 (30.6) | 305 (26.9) | 493 (33.4) | <0.001 | 638 (48.0) | 264 (38.4) | 374 (58.3) | <0.001 |
| Polypharmacy | 1203 (46.1) | 621 (54.8) | 582 (39.4) | <0.001 | … | … | … | |
| Quality of life | ||||||||
| EHRA score* | 1.61±0.53 | 1.58±0.49 | 1.63±0.55 | 0.016 | 1.62±0.53 | 1.57±0.49 | 1.66±0.56 | 0.003 |
| EQ index* | 0.83±0.18 | 0.84±0.17 | 0.81±0.19 | <0.001 | 0.82±0.19 | 0.83±0.18 | 0.80±0.20 | 0.017 |
| AF management | ||||||||
| OAC persistence at 12‐mo (n=2559) | 1119 (43.7) | 854 (76.2) | 265 (18.4) | <0.001 | 633 (48.5) | 539 (79.3) | 94 (15.0) | <0.001 |
|
AF ablation (n=2608) |
304 (11.7) | 212 (18.7) | 92 (6.2) | <0.001 | 150 (11.3) | 125 (18.2) | 25 (3.9) | <0.001 |
|
CIED (n=2608) |
250 (9.6) | 91 (8.0) | 159 (10.8) | 0.019 | 123 (9.3) | 55 (8.0) | 68 (10.6) | 0.100 |
ABC, indicates Atrial Fibrillation Better Care; ACE‐I, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CIED, cardiac implantable electronic device; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DOAC, direct‐acting oral anticoagulant; EHRA, European Heart Rhythm Association; EQ, EuroQoL; OAC, oral anticoagulation; and VKA, vitamin K antagonist.
*
Mean±SD.