Table 1.
Study and Patient Characteristics
| Study | Country of origin | Study design | Years of enrollment | Sample size, N | Imaging tool used to define EDFF | EDFF prevalence, n/total (%) | Mean age at initial ToF repair, y | Mean interval between ToF repair and assessment, y | Mean age at assessment, y |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aburawi 2014 24 | Sweden | Prospective | NR | 20 | CMR | 9/20 (45.0) | NR | NR | 10.2 |
| Ahmad 2012 15 | Canada | Retrospective | 2008–2010 | 112 | Doppler echocardiography | 58/112 (51.8) | 0.9 | NR | 12.9 |
| Apitz 2010 25 | Germany | Prospective | NR | 25 | CMR | 8/25 (32.0) | NR | 7.1 | 17.9 |
| Babu‐Narayan 2012 26 (overlap with Krupickova 2018) | United Kingdom | Prospective | 2002–2005 | 64 | Doppler echocardiography | 27/64 (42.2) | 6.0 | 25.1 | 30.1 |
| Bonello 2013 27 | United Kingdom | Prospective | 2002–2008 | 148 | Doppler echocardiography | 38/148 (25.7) | 4.8 | NR | 32.1 |
| Cardoso 2003 28 | Brazil | Prospective | 2000 | 30 | Doppler echocardiography | 19/30 (63.3) | 3.0 | 3.2 | 8.7 |
| Chaturvedi 1999 29 | United Kingdom | Prospective | NR | 11 | Doppler echocardiography | 4/11 (36.4) | NR | NR | 1.7 |
| Cheng 2019 30 | United States | Retrospective | 1999–2014 | 38 | CMR | 15/38 (39.5) | NR | NR | 13.2 |
| Cheung 2003 31 | Australia | Prospective | 1981–1990 | 45 | Doppler echocardiography | 24/45 (53.3) | 2.1 | 12.5 | 15.0 |
| Choi 2008 32 | Korea | Retrospective | 1997–2000 | 43 | Doppler echocardiography | 15/43 (34.9) | 2.1 | 5.4 | 4.8 |
| Clark 1995 33 (overlap with Gatzoulis 1995) | United Kingdom | Prospective | 1958–1979 | 30 | Doppler echocardiography | 18/30 (60.0) | NR | 21.8 | 27.8 |
| Cullen 1995 5 | United Kingdom | Prospective | 1992–1993 | 35 | Doppler echocardiography | 17/35 (48.6) | NR | NR | 1.9 |
| Eroglu 1999 8 | Turkey | Prospective | 1986–1996 | 44 | Doppler echocardiography | 25/44 (56.8) | 4.0 | NR | 7.7 |
| Gatzoulis 1995 6 (overlap with Clark 1995) | United Kingdom | Prospective | 1958–1979 | 38 | Doppler echocardiography | 20/38 (52.6) | 5.2 | NR | 28.8 |
| Gatzoulis 1998 34 (overlap with Norgard 1996) | United Kingdom | Retrospective | 1985–1994 | 92 | Doppler echocardiography | 36/92 (39.1) | NR | 4.5 | 14.7 |
| Helbing 1996 11 | The Netherlands | Prospective | NR | 19 | Doppler echocardiography | 13/19 (68.4) | 1.5 | 10.0 | 12.0 |
| Kordybach‐Prokopiuk 2018 35 | Poland | Prospective | NR | 83 | Doppler echocardiography | 16/83 (19.3) | 11.9 | 21.6 | 31.5 |
| Krupickova 2018 36 (overlap with Babu‐Narayan 2012) | United Kingdom | Prospective | 2002–2005 | 64 | Doppler echocardiography | 26/64 (40.6) | 6.1 | 25.1 | 31.1 |
| Kutty 2018 37 | United States | Retrospective | 2005–2012 | 399 | Doppler echocardiography | 122/399 (30.6) | 1.1 | 18.5 | 20.5 |
| Latus 2013 38 | Germany | Retrospective | 2007–2011 | 53 | CMR | 15/53 (28.3) | 1.3 | 12.1 | 13.3 |
| Lee 2013 39 | Canada | Retrospective | 2007–2009 | 50 | CMR | 33/50 (66.0) | 1.3 | NR | 13.0 |
| Lu 2010 12 | United States | Prospective | 2008–2009 | 59 | CMR | 40/59 (67.8) | 11.0 | NR | 35.0 |
| Luijnenburg 2013 40 | The Netherlands | Prospective | 2007–2010 | 51 | CMR | 31/51 (60.8) | 2.8 | NR | 21.0 |
| Maskatia 2013 41 | United States | Retrospective | 1997–2011 | 178 | CMR | 77/178 (43.3) | 3.0 | NR | NR |
| Maskatia 2015 42 | United States | Retrospective | NR | 99 | Doppler echocardiography | 43/99 (43.4) | NR | NR | 14.2 |
| Mercer‐Rosa 2018 43 | United States | Prospective | NR | 88 | Doppler echocardiography | 77/88 (87.5) | 0.4 | NR | 12.7 |
| Mori 2017 16 | Japan | Retrospective | 2009–2016 | 62 | Doppler echocardiography | 23/62 (37.1) | 3.1 | NR | 15.7 |
| Munkhammar 1998 44 | United Kingdom | Prospective | 1985–1996 | 47 | Doppler echocardiography | 13/47 (27.7) | 0.7 | NR | 4.4 |
| Munkhammar 2013 45 | Sweden | Prospective | NR | 31 | Doppler echocardiography | 16/31 (51.6) | 1.0 | 9.2 | 10.2 |
| Norgard 1996 46 (overlap with Gatzoulis 1998) | United Kingdom | Retrospective | 1985–1994 | 92 | Doppler echocardiography | 36/92 (39.1) | 11.5 | NR | 14.7 |
| Norgard 1998 7 (early restriction) | United Kingdom | Prospective | 1992–1995 | 34 | Doppler echocardiography | 16/34 (47.1) | 5.9 | 1.8 | NR |
| Norgard 1998 7 (late restriction) | United Kingdom | Prospective | 1992–1995 | 32 | Doppler echocardiography | 10/32 (31.3) | 5.6 | 1.8 | NR |
| Peng 2012 47 | United Kingdom | Prospective | NR | 18 | Doppler echocardiography | 4/18 (22.2) | 1.6 | NR | 1.6 |
| Pijuan‐Domenech 2014 48 | Spain | Prospective | 2009–2012 | 20 | Doppler echocardiography | 16/20 (80.0) | 7.7 | NR | 35.0 |
| Rathore 2006 49 | Australia | Prospective | 2001–2003 | 80 | Doppler echocardiography | 52/80 (65.0) | NR | NR | 7.9 |
| Sachdev 2006 50 | India | Prospective | 2004–2005 | 50 | Doppler echocardiography | 24/50 (48.0) | NR | NR | 5.0 |
| Samyn 2013 13 | United States | Prospective | 2008–2009 | 29 | Doppler echocardiography | 12/29 (41. 4) | 1.4 | 14.0 | 16.3 |
| Sandeep 2019 51 | China | Prospective | 2017–2018 | 50 | Doppler echocardiography | 28/50 (56.0) | NR | NR | 2.2 |
| Sani 2020 52 | Iran | Prospective | 2015–2016 | 30 | CMR | 18/30 (60.0) | NR | 20.2 | 26.5 |
| Shekerdemian 1999 53 | United Kingdom | Prospective | NR | 23 | Doppler echocardiography | 8/23 (34.8) | NR | NR | 2.5 |
| Shin 2016 54 | Korea | Retrospective | 2005–2015 | 116 | Doppler echocardiography | 35/116 (30.2) | 2.3 | 14.2 | NR |
| Sjöberg 2018 55 | Sweden | Prospective | NR | 15 | CMR | 10/15 (66.7) | NR | NR | 29.0 |
| Tominaga 2021 56 | Japan | Retrospective | 2003–2019 | 46 | Doppler echocardiography | 23/46 (50.0) | 3.4 | 31.0 | 37.0 |
| van den Berg 2007 14 | The Netherlands | Prospective | 2002–2004 | 36 | Doppler echocardiography | 24/36 (66. 7) | 0.9 | 15.3 | 16.0 |
| Vukomanovic 2006 57 | Serbia and Montenegro | Prospective | 1995–2004 | 60 | Doppler echocardiography | 18/60 (30.0) | 4.3 | NR | 9.0 |
| Xu 2014 58 | China | Retrospective | 2011–2012 | 80 | Doppler echocardiography | 30/80 (37.5) | 1.2 | NR | 1.2 |
CMR indicates cardiac magnetic resonance; EDFF, end‐diastolic forward flow; NR, not reported; and ToF, tetralogy of Fallot.