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. 2022 Apr 4;11(7):e024417. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.024417

Figure 2. Levels of 122 human cytokines in the patients with fulminant myocarditis (FM) and controls.

Figure 2

A, Volcano plot of the expression of human cytokines in 4 controls and 4 patients with FM at admission. LIMMA test was used to calculate the significance. The red plots represent differentially expressed proteins with an adjusted P value <0.05, whereas the black plots represent insignificant changes. The horizontal and vertical dotted lines in volcano plots represented the threshold value for the significance used to define upregulation or downregulation of cytokines was a fold change >2 (or <0.5), as well as with an adjusted P value of <0.05. B, Expression heatmap of cytokines that significantly changed in 4 patients with FM at admission compared with 4 controls, which correspond to the red plots in Figure 2A. The normalized levels of cytokines log2 (fold change) were indicated by a different color code (right). C, Volcano plot of the expression of human cytokines in 4 patients with FM at admission and 4 patients with FM at discharge. The red plots represent differentially expressed proteins with a P<0.05, whereas the black plots represent insignificant changes. The horizontal and vertical dotted lines in volcano plots represent the threshold value for the significance used to define upregulation or downregulation of cytokines was a fold change >1, as well as with a P value of <0.05. D, Expression heatmap of cytokines that significantly changed in 4 patients with FM at discharge vs 4 patients with FM at admission. Those cytokines corresponded to the red plots in Figure 2C. A different color code (right) represented normalized level of cytokines log2 (fold change). CRP indicates C‐reactive protein; DKK, Dickkopf protein; DPPIV, dipeptidyl peptidase IV; IFN‐γ, interferon γ; IL, interleukin; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor; OPN, osteopontin; PAI‐1, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; PDGF, platelet‐derived growth factor; TGFb, transforming growth factor β; TNFb, tumor necrosis factor β; uPAR, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor; and VEFG‐C, vascular endothelial growth factor C.