Table 15.
Association Between Elevated Circulating Plasma Ceramides and Endothelium‐Dependent Vascular Dysfunction (CFR >2)
| Adjusted model | Odds ratio | 95% CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | |||
| Age | 1.00 | 0.92–1.04 | 0.919 |
| Sex | 0.62 | 0.20–1.92 | 0.407 |
| Plasma ceramide 16:0, μmol/L | 3.05×104 | 1.79–5.20×108 | 0.038 |
| 2 | |||
| Age | 1.00 | 0.95–1.05 | 0.996 |
| Sex | 0.70 | 0.20–2.43 | 0.573 |
| Hypertension | 0.46 | 0.17–1.23 | 0.123 |
| Diabetes | 0.93 | 0.22–3.84 | 0.917 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.50 | 0.45–4.96 | 0.511 |
| Lipid‐lowering drug use | 1.36 | 0.43–4.31 | 0.595 |
| Plasma ceramide 16:0, μmol/L | 7.97×104 | 2.04–2.88×109 | 0.036 |
| 3 | |||
| Age | 1.01 | 0.96–1.06 | 0.692 |
| Sex | 0.67 | 0.19–2.36 | 0.535 |
| Hypertension | 0.53 | 0.20–1.44 | 0.214 |
| Diabetes | 0.81 | 0.19–3.49 | 0.781 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.48 | 0.42–5.23 | 0.545 |
| Lipid‐lowering drug use | 1.33 | 0.38––4.60 | 0.653 |
| LDL cholesterol | 1.01 | 0.96–1.06 | 0.689 |
| Non‐HDL cholesterol | 0.99 | 0.95–1.03 | 0.546 |
| Plasma ceramide 16:0, μmol/L | 5.17×105 | 2.83–9.44×1010 | 0.033 |
| 1 | |||
| Age | 0.99 | 0.94–1.03 | 0.564 |
| Sex | 0.77 | 0.25–2.44 | 0.664 |
| Plasma ceramide 24:0, μmol/L | 2.59 | 1.26–5.32 | 0.010 |
| 2 | |||
| Age | 0.99 | 0.94–1.04 | 0.664 |
| Sex | 0.98 | 0.28–3.42 | 0.973 |
| Hypertension | 0.45 | 0.16–1.22 | 0.117 |
| Diabetes | 1.06 | 0.24–4.55 | 0.942 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.25 | 0.38–4.16 | 0.715 |
| Lipid‐lowering drug use | 1.71 | 0.54–5.38 | 0.362 |
| Plasma ceramide 24:0, μmol/L | 3.02 | 1.35–6.77 | 0.007 |
| 3 | |||
| Age | 1.00 | 0.95–1.05 | 0.874 |
| Sex | 0.96 | 0.27–3.41 | 0.949 |
| Hypertension | 0.50 | 0.18–1.39 | 0.184 |
| Diabetes | 0.97 | 0.22–4.24 | 0.969 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.20 | 0.34–4.25 | 0.779 |
| Lipid‐lowering drug use | 1.68 | 0.48–5.93 | 0.418 |
| LDL cholesterol | 1.01 | 0.96–1.06 | 0.737 |
| Non‐HDL cholesterol | 0.99 | 0.95–1.03 | 0.664 |
| Plasma ceramide 24:0, μmol/L | 2.98 | 1.27–7.00 | 0.012 |
| 1 | |||
| Age | 0.99 | 0.95–1.04 | 0.804 |
| Sex | 0.93 | 0.32–2.70 | 0.888 |
| Plasma ceramides 24:1/24:0 | 4.63×10−4 | 8.80×10−7–0.24 | 0.016 |
| 2 | |||
| Age | 0.99 | 0.95–1.04 | 0.759 |
| Sex | 1.06 | 0.34–3.31 | 0.921 |
| Hypertension | 0.54 | 0.21–1.41 | 0.212 |
| Diabetes | 0.76 | 0.19–3.08 | 0.702 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.93 | 0.60–6.24 | 0.272 |
| Lipid‐lowering drug use | 1.27 | 0.41–3.90 | 0.676 |
| Plasma ceramides 24:1/24:0 | 3.65×10−4 | 5.64×10−7–0.24 | 0.017 |
| 3 | |||
| Age | 1.00 | 0.95–1.05 | 0.967 |
| Sex | 1.05 | 0.32–3.43 | 0.931 |
| Hypertension | 0.60 | 0.23–1.59 | 0.306 |
| Diabetes | 0.73 | 0.17–3.06 | 0.666 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.64 | 0.47–5.66 | 0.438 |
| Lipid‐lowering drug use | 1.28 | 0.37–4.44 | 0.698 |
| LDL cholesterol | 1.00 | 0.95–1.05 | 0.975 |
| Non‐HDL cholesterol | 1.00 | 0.96–1.04 | 0.949 |
| Plasma ceramides 24:1/24:0 | 4.39×10−4 | 4×10−7–0.48 | 0.030 |
HDL indicates high‐density lipoprotein; and LDL, low‐density lipoprotein.