Table 2.
Classification and examples of the pathotypes of E. coli.
| Pathotype/pathovar | Virulence mechanism(s) | Host range | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| InPEC | Locus of enterocyte effacement; pathogenicity island 1 | Humans and all mammals | Robins-Browne et al. (2016) |
| InPEC | Small fimbrial adhesins; toxins; transcriptional activator gene; aggregative adhesion | HumansRobins-Browne et al. (2016) | Robins-Browne et al. (2016) |
| InPEC | Shiga toxin or verotoxins; afimbrial and fimbrial adhesins | Humans and piglets | Robins-Browne et al. (2016) |
| InPEC | Heat labile and heat-stable enterotoxins | Humans, ruminants, pigs, and dogs | Robins-Browne et al. (2016) |
| InPEC | Invasion and multiplication in enterocytes | Humans and primates | Robins-Browne et al. (2016) |
| InPEC | Adhesins | Humans and animals | Robins-Browne et al. (2016) |
| InPEC | Shiga toxin | Humans | [323] |
| InPEC | Adherent invasive phenotype | Humans and animals | Robins-Browne et al. (2016) |
| ExPEC | Adhesins, secretion and iron uptake systems, increased serum survival and cytotoxic proteins | Birds | Sheldon et al. 2010 |
| ExPEC | Fimbrial adhesins; siderophores, resistance to complement | Humans and animals (especially dogs and cats) | Mainil 2013 |
| ExPEC | Iron acquisition systems, degradation of interferon-gamma, and cleavage of the human defensin LL-37 | Humans | Nicholson et al. (2016) |
| ExPEC | Fimbrial adhesins; siderophores; resistance to complement | All mammals and birds (especially poultry) | Mainil 2013 |
| ExPEC | Unknown | Animals | Blum et al. 2015 |
| ExPEC | Type II, IV, and VI secretion systems, long polar fimbriae (lpfA) and iron acquisition | Animals | Dogan et al. 2012 |
| ExPEC | Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factors 1 or 2 and α haemolysin; fimbrial and/or afimbrial adhesins; siderophores; resistance to complement | Humans, animals, and ruminants | Mainil 2013 |
InPEC, Intestinal pathogenic E. coli; ExPEC, Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli; EPEC, Enteropathogenic E. coli; EAEC, Enteroaggregative E. coli; EHEC, Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli; ETEC, Enterotoxigenic E. coli; EIEC, Enteroinvasive E. coli; DAEC, Diffusely adherent E. coli; STEAEC, Shiga-toxigenic Enteraggregative E. coli; AIEC, Adherent invasive E. coli; APEC, Avian pathogenic E. coli; UPEC, Uropathogenic E. coli; NMEC, Neonatal meningitis E. coli; SePEC, Human sepsis-associated E. coli; MPEC, Mammary pathogenic E. coli; EnPEC, Endometrial pathogenic E. coli; and NTEC, Necrotoxigenic E. coli.