TABLE 2.
Vascular benefits of curcumin in hypertension from in vitro studies.
| Formulations | Dose | Cell types | Benefits | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Curcumin | 20 μM | Primary VSMCs | Attenuating VSMC migration; inhibiting NLRP3 expression and IL-1β concentration in VSMCs | Han et al. (2019) |
| Curcumin | 20 μM | Primary VSMCs | Preventing the NLRP3 inflammasome activation, VSMC phenotype switching and proliferation | Sun et al. (2017a) |
| Curcumin | 10–6 M | A10 cells | Decreasing AT1R expression in a concentration- and time-dependent manner | Yao et al. (2016) |
| Curcumin | 10 and 20 μM | Human aortic smooth muscle cells | Inhibiting TNF-α-induced migration of human aortic smooth muscle cells | Yu and Lin, (2010) |
| Curcumin | 10–6 –10–4 M | Rabbit VSMCs | Exhibiting a greater inhibitory effect on platelet-derived growth factor- and serum-stimulated proliferation of rabbit VSMCs | Huang et al. (1992) |
| Curcumin | 10–6 –10–5 M | A7R5 cells | Inhibiting the proliferation of A7R5 cells in a concentration-dependent manner | Chen and Huang, (1998) |
| Demethoxycurcumin | 9, 18, 36, 72, or 144 μM | Primary rat VSMCs | Inhibit the migration of VSMCs by reducing the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 | Sheu et al. (2013) |
| Curcumin-eluting PLLA films | 0.1 mg | Human coronary artery smooth muscle cells | Preventing cell proliferation through the protein kinase (PK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways | Nguyen et al. (2004) |
| Curcumin | 1–25 μM | Primary rat VSMCs | Inhibiting platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated VSMC proliferation and migration | Yang et al. (2006) |
| Dehydrozingerone | 1–50 μM | Primary rat VSMCs | Eliciting a concentration-dependent inhibition of PDGF-stimulated VSMC migration, proliferation, collagen synthesis | Liu et al. (2008) |
| Bisdemethoxycurcumin | 5, 10, 25 μM | Primary rat VSMCs | Inhibiting PDGF-induced vascular smooth muscle cell motility and proliferation | Hua et al. (2013) |
| Curcumin | 1, 10, and 100 µM | Rat VSMCs | Inhibiting the proliferation of VSMCs by serving as an AP-1 inhibitor | (Hsieh et al., 2008a; Hsieh et al., 2008b) |
| HO-3867 | 10 µM | Human aortic SMCs | Inhibiting the proliferation of serum-stimulated VSMCs by inducing cell cycle arrest | Selvendiran et al. (2009) |
| Curcumin | 1–50 μM | A10 cells | Inhibiting ET-1-induced mitogenic and proliferative signaling events in VSMCs | Kapakos et al. (2012) |
| Curcumin | 5, 10, 20 μM | Primary rat VSMCs | Inhibiting Ang II-induced inflammation and proliferation of rat VSMCs | Li et al. (2017) |
| Nicotinate-curcumin | 1 μM | VSMCs | Inhibiting Ang II-induced vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype switching | Sun et al. (2021) |
| Curcumin | 10, 20, 40 μM | Primary mouse VSMCs | Inhibiting the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells by targeting the chemerin/CMKLR1/LCN2 axis | He et al. (2021) |
| Curcumin | 25 μM | Airway smooth muscle cells | Inhibiting the proliferation of cells by upregulating the expression of caveolin-1 and blocking the activation of the ERK pathway | Zeng et al. (2013) |
| Curcumin | 10 μM | A7R5 cells | Inhibiting the proliferation, migration and neointimal formation of VSMCs via activating miR-22 | Zhang et al. (2020) |
| Curcumin | 1, 5, 10, 20 μM | Primary rat VSMCs | Inducing growth inhibition in rat VSMCs by upregulation of HO-1 | Pae et al. (2007) |
| Curcumin | Not Applicable | Primary pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells | Promoting cell apoptosis; protecting mitochondrial function; suppressing the PI3K/AKT pathway | Chen et al. (2021) |
| Curcumin | 20 μM | Mouse aortic smooth muscle cell line A7R5 cells | Inhibiting the phenotypic transformation, migration, and foaming of ox-LDL-treated VSMCs | Wang et al. (2021b) |