Table 3.

Association Between Sensory Impairment and Frailty According to Multinomial Logistic Regression Analyses

		Prefrail vs Robust		Frail vs Robust
		OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Model 1	No sensory impairment	Reference		Reference
	Hearing impairment only	1.26 (0.97–1.64)	0.09	1.19 (0.63–2.27)	0.59
	Visual impairment only	1.43 (1.22–1.69)	<0.001	1.79 (1.23–2.61)	0.003
	Dual sensory impairment	2.19 (1.83–2.62)	<0.001	3.94 (2.74–5.68)	<0.001
Model 2	No sensory impairment	Reference		Reference
	Hearing impairment only	1.16 (0.88–1.52)	0.309	1.03 (0.53–2.03)	0.924
	Visual impairment only	1.38 (1.16–1.64)	<0.001	1.42 (0.96–2.11)	0.082
	Dual sensory impairment	1.94 (1.59–2.36)	<0.001	2.74 (1.83–4.10)	<0.001
Model 3	No sensory impairment	Reference		Reference
	Hearing impairment only	1.13 (0.86–1.50)	0.376	0.99 (0.50–1.97)	0.981
	Visual impairment only	1.39 (1.17–1.65)	<0.001	1.51 (1.01–2.25)	0.046
	Dual sensory impairment	1.89 (1.55–2.31)	<0.001	2.45 (1.62–3.69)	<0.001
Model 4	No sensory impairment	Reference		Reference
	Hearing impairment only	1.07 (0.80–1.42)	0.664	0.82 (0.40–1.68)	0.583
	Visual impairment only	1.41 (1.18–1.68)	<0.001	1.54 (1.00–2.36)	0.048
	Dual sensory impairment	1.81 (1.47–2.21)	<0.001	2.17 (1.40–3.38)	0.001

Notes: Model 1 unadjusted; Model 2 adjusted for age, sex, education, ethnicity and marital status; Model 3 adjusted for age, sex, education, ethnicity, marital status, smoker, alcohol abuse, number of chronic diseases, and cognitive impairment; Model 4 adjusted for age, sex, education, ethnicity, marital status, smoker, alcohol abuse, number of chronic diseases, cognitive impairment, depression, ADL impairment, sleep condition and malnutrition status.

Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.