Table 4.
Sex Differences in the Association Between Sensory Impairment and Frailty According to Adjusted Multinomial Logistic Regression Models
| Female | Male | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prefrail | Frail | Prefrail | Frail | |||||
| ORa (95% CI) | P-value | ORa (95% CI) | P-value | ORa (95% CI) | P-value | ORa (95% CI) | P-value | |
| No sensory impairment | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Hearing impairment only | 1.44 (0.93–2.12) | 0.102 | 1.39 (0.55–3.46) | 0.486 | 0.88 (0.59–1.32) | 0.539 | 0.40 (0.11–1.43) | 0.157 |
| Visual impairment only | 1.34 (1.05–1.69) | 0.017 | 1.49 (0.87–2.52) | 0.144 | 1.61 (1.23–2.12) | 0.001 | 1.56 (0.73–3.32) | 0.248 |
| Dual sensory impairment | 1.69 (1.28–2.23) | <0.001 | 2.42 (1.40–4.20) | 0.002 | 2.09 (1.54–2.82) | <0.001 | 1.30 (0.58–2.91) | 0.525 |
Note: aAdjusted for age, education, ethnicity, marital status, smoker, alcohol abuse, number of chronic diseases, cognitive impairment, depression, ADL impairment, sleep condition and malnutrition status.
Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.