Fig. 3. Characterization of phage fibers fabricated by near field electrospinning (A) schematic diagram of phage near field electrospinning. (B) Optical image of straight line patterns fabricated by phage near field electrospinning (56.5 mg ml⁻¹, DIW). (C) Dark field optical microscope image of phage fiber (56.5 mg ml⁻¹, DIW). (D) POM images of aligned phage fibers showing high birefringent (56.5 mg ml⁻¹, DIW). (E–G) Optical microscope mages of ordered patterns written by near field electrospinning such as (E) 90° corner, (F) triangle and (G) grid (4E, 56.5 mg ml⁻¹, DIW). (H) AFM image of crossing fiber showing parallel alignment of phages (56.5 mg ml⁻¹, DIW).