Table 10.

Antidiabetic activity and lipid metabolism regulation effects of components from A. pilosa.

A. pilosa extract	Experimental model	Test dose range	Contrast	Route of administration	Pharmacological action	Mechanism of action	References
Apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide	NS	IC50 = 7.14 ± 1.75 μM	Ursolic acid (IC50 = 9.43 ± 0.14 μM)	NS	Improve insulin resistance	PTP1B inhibition	[29]
Ellagic acid	NS	IC50 = 7.73 ± 0.24 μM	Ursolic acid (IC50 = 9.43 ± 0.14 μM)	NS	Improve insulin resistance	PTP1B inhibition	[29]
Quercetin	NS	IC50 = 28.7 ± 1.2 μM	Acarbose (IC50 = 45.2 ± 1.2 μM)	NS	Glycogen decomposition and glucose regulation	Competitively α-glucosidase inhibition	[30]
Agrimonolide	NS	IC50 = 24.2 μM	Acarbose (IC50 = 45.2 ± 1.2 μM)	NS	Glycogen decomposition and glucose regulation	Noncompetitively α-glucosidase inhibition	[30]
Desmethylagrimonolide	NS	IC50 = 37.4 μM	Acarbose (IC50 = 45.2 ± 1.2 μM)	NS	Improve insulin resistance of HepG2 cells	Non-competitively α-glucosidase inhibition	[30]
Agrimonolide	Insulin-resistance HepG2 cells	IC50 = 8.3 ± 0.6 μM	Metformin (IC50 = 18.6 ± 0.8 μM)	NS	Improve insulin resistance of HepG2 cells	Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase inhibition	[68]
Agrimonolide	Insulin-resistance HepG2 cells	IC50 = 11.6 ± 0.8 μM	Metformin (IC50 = 12.4 ± 1.6 μM)	NS	Improve insulin resistance of HepG2 cells	Hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase inhibition	[68]
Total triterpenoids of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb (415.97 ± 5.15 mg/g)	3T3-L1 cells	1, 5, 25, and 125 μg/ml	Pioglitazone (10 μM)	NS	Insulin sensitization effects with low lipid formation effects	PPARγ↑SREBP-1↑C/EBPα↑, thus upregulating adiponectin and GLUT4 mRNA expression	[69]
Total triterpenoids of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb (the content is not clear)	High sugar concentration-induced IR-HepG2 cells	5, 25, 50, 15, 100, 125 μg/ml	Rosig (30 μM)	NS	Regulation of lipid metabolism	Improving oxidative stress and regulating the JNK and IRS pathways, thus improved glucose metabolism in IR-HepG2 cells	[41]
Agrimol B	3T3-L1 cells	3, 10 μg/ml IC50 = 3.35 ± 0.32 μM	Resveratrol (50 μM) and berberine (10 μM)	NS	Regulation of lipid metabolism	PPAR↓、C/EBPα↓、FAS↓、UCP-1 and apoE↓, thus inhibited 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation	[70]