Table 8.

Free radical-scavenging and antioxidant activities of components from A. pilosa.

A. pilosa extract	Experimental model	Test dose range	Contrast	Route of administration	Pharmacological action	Mechanism of action	References
A. pilosa flavonoids (36.45 mg/ml)	FRAP working fluid	FRAP = 56.87mg−1	Vit C (FRAP = 45.47 mg−1)	NS	Antioxidant activities	NS	[63]
A. pilosa flavonoids (316.53 ± 6.37 mg/g)	100 μL sample in methanol was mixed with 1.9 mL of 0.1 mM DPPH in ethanol	0.25, 0.5, 2.5, 5.0, 25.0, 50.0, 100.0 μg/mL	2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol	NS	DPPH scavenging activity	NS	[64]
A. pilosa flavonoids 316.53 ± 6.37 mg/g	0.75 mM 1,10-phenanthroline and 0.75 mM FeSO4 were prepared in 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and mixed thoroughly (method described by De Avellar and jin)	5.0, 10.0, 50.0, 100.0, 500.0, 1000.0, 2000.0 μg/mL	Negative control	NS	Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity	NS	[64]
A. pilosa aqueous extract	Low immunity mice	100, 300, 1000 mg/kg	Negative control	p.o.	Antioxidant	MDA↑、SOD↑	[15]
Protocatechuic acid	The method of Brand-Williams et al.	15 μM	Negative control	NS	DPPH free radical scavenging	Providing hydrogen atoms or electron donation	[65]
Protocatechuic acid	Generated by the deoxyribose method (Halliwell 1987)	15 μM	Negative control	NS	Superoxide radical (O2-) scavenging	NS	[65]
A. pilosa flavonoids 316.53 ± 6.37 mg/g	Supercoiled plasmid pBR322 DNA	0.1 mM, 1.0 mM	Negative control	NS	Against DNA oxidative damage	NS	[3]
Protocatechuic acid	Male albino rats of Wistar strain	10, 20 mg/kg	Negative control	p.o.	Protects damaged rat liver cells	Enhancing antioxidant capacity and enhancing stage II enzyme activity through the Nrf-2 pathway	[66]