. 2022 Mar 17;54(4):358–369. doi: 10.1038/s12276-022-00741-z

Table 1.

Components of energy expenditure.

% approx.	Component	Subcomponent	Definition	Major site	Related hypothalamic nucleus	Category
70	Resting metabolic rate	Standard metabolic rate	The amount of energy at rest in a thermoneutral environment	Skeletal muscle	PVN, ARC, VMH	Obligatory
70	Resting metabolic rate	Thermic effect of food	The heat generated during the digestion, absorption, processing of food	Gastrointestinal tract	PVN, ARC, VMH	Obligatory
20	Energy expenditure for physical activity	Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)	The heat generated by spontaneous physical activity (SPA)	Skeletal muscle	LH, PVN, ARC, VMH	Obligatory or Facultative
20	Energy expenditure for physical activity	Exercise activity thermogenesis	The heat generated by exercise	Skeletal muscle	LH, PVN, ARC, VMH	Facultative
10	Diet-induced thermogenesis	–	The heat produced in response to excess caloric intake	BAT	ARC, VMH, POA, DMH	Facultative
Variable	Cold-induced thermogenesis	Shivering thermogenesis (ST)	The heat for protecting the organism from cold exposure by shivering	Skeletal muscle	POA, DMH, VMH, PVN	Facultative
Variable	Cold-induced thermogenesis	Nonshivering thermogenesis (NST)	The heat generated to adapt to cold	BAT	POA, DMH, VMH, PVN	Obligatory or Facultative

ARC arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, BAT brown adipose tissue, DMH dorsomedial hypothalamus, LH lateral hypothalamus, POA preoptic area, PVN paraventricular hypothalamus, VMH ventromedial hypothalamus.