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. 2022 May 6;12:7467. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11513-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Forty six healthy elderly subjects were divided into 5 quintiles according to percentage of N3 sleep. Group 1 has the lowest amount of N3 sleep, and group 5 has the highest. The average percentages of N3 sleep for each group are plotted in blue. The ‘hidden’ slow wave sleep (SWS) periods in N2 sleep, denoted as N2b, uncovered by our algorithm are plotted in red. Note, as the amount of N3 sleep increases from group 1 to 5, the amount of N2b decreases, leading to an almost constant percentage of the sum of N3 and N2b of 45–50% across all 5 subgroups. The proportions of SWS in NREM sleep of these 5 subgroups are not statistically different (p > 0.9, One-way ANOVA).