Table 1.
Participants’ characteristics according to physical activity level (n = 1033).
| High (n = 72) | Moderate (n = 289) | Low (n = 672) | P for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 70.74 ± 0.48 | 71.22 ± 0.26 | 71.98 ± 0.19 | 0.008 |
| Male sex (%) | 86.6 (5.5) | 81.8 (2.4) | 71.7 (2.0) | 0.007 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.87 ± 0.32 | 23.84 ± 0.17 | 23.90 ± 0.12 | 0.956 |
| Smoking (%) | 0.280 | |||
| Never | 20.1 (5.8) | 33.4 (3.1) | 34.7 (2.1) | |
| Past | 57.3 (7.1) | 46.0 (3.3) | 44.8 (2.2) | |
| Current | 22.7 (5.5) | 20.6 (3.0) | 20.5 (1.9) | |
| Excessive alcohol consumption (%) | 18.8 (6.0) | 10.7 (2.3) | 9.7 (1.4) | 0.172 |
| Education (%) | 0.017 | |||
| Middle school and lower | 51.8 (7.1) | 61.8 (3.4) | 69.4 (2.2) | |
| High school and higher | 48.2 (7.1) | 38.2 (3.4) | 30.6 (2.2) | |
| Comorbidities (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 46.7 (6.8) | 59.1 (3.1) | 60.0 (2.1) | 0.144 |
| Diabetes | 33.7 (7.2) | 22.6 (2.8) | 30.8 (2.0) | 0.084 |
| Anemia | 6.6 (2.9) | 7.2 (1.7) | 11.2 (1.5) | 0.158 |
| Asthma | 3.0 (1.8) | 6.6 (2.0) | 6.6 (1.1) | 0.535 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 9.5 (4.2) | 10.9 (2.3) | 13.2 (1.5) | 0.606 |
| Depression | 1.2 (1.2) | 3.8 (1.2) | 4.8 (1.0) | 0.339 |
| Total calorie intake (kcal/day) | 2233.20 ± 151.32 | 1953.77 ± 49.40 | 1778.01 ± 30.82 | < 0.001 |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 33.36 ± 0.87 | 31.25 ± 0.48 | 28.52 ± 0.37 | < 0.001 |
| FEV1 (L) | 2.19 ± 0.06 | 2.17 ± 0.04 | 2.04 ± 0.02 | 0.003 |
| FVC (L) | 3.55 ± 0.10 | 3.42 ± 0.05 | 3.23 ± 0.04 | 0.001 |
| Peak expiratory flow (L/s) | 6.11 ± 0.19 | 5.84 ± 0.12 | 5.54 ± 0.08 | 0.007 |
Data are weighted means ± SE or weighted percentage (SE), as appropriate.
BMI, body mass index; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, forced vital capacity.