Table 1.
The characters of the participants. (N = 1012)
| Variables | ALL | Male | Female | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | HL | P | Normal | HL | P | Normal | HL | P | |
| (N = 641) | (N = 371) | (N = 267) | (N = 161) | (N = 374) | (N = 210) | ||||
| Age (y) | 70.99 ± 4.71 | 75.38 ± 6.25 | 0.000 | 71.42 ± 4.77 | 74.57 ± 6.08 | 0.000 | 70.68 ± 4.65 | 76.00 ± 6.32 | 0.000 |
| Male (%) | 267 (41.65) | 161 (43.40) | 0.589 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Speech-PTA (dB HL) | 37.14 ± 7.43 | 56.75 ± 9.05 | 0.000 | 37.03 ± 7.10 | 56.54 ± 8.66 | 0.000 | 37.21 ± 7.67 | 56.92 ± 9.36 | 0.000 |
| High-PTA (dB HL) | 37.23 ± 7.70 | 60.72 ± 9.86 | 0.000 | 37.50 ± 7.48 | 61.52 ± 9.69 | 0.000 | 37.07 ± 7.83 | 60.02 ± 9.94 | 0.000 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.77 ± 3.38 | 23.50 ± 3.76 | 0.246 | 23.40 ± 3.28 | 23.14 ± 3.79 | 0.457 | 24.04 ± 3.44 | 23.77 ± 3.72 | 0.379 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 129.66 ± 18.90 | 133.00 ± 21.16 | 0.012 | 127.54 ± 17.88 | 130.97 ± 19.47 | 0.065 | 131.19 ± 19.48 | 134.57 ± 22.29 | 0.068 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.17 ± 10.45 | 73.40 ± 11.54 | 0.741 | 74.26 ± 10.26 | 75.19 ± 10.81 | 0.373 | 72.38 ± 10.53 | 72.02 ± 11.92 | 0.709 |
| Marital status (%) | 0.000 | 0.533 | 0.000 | ||||||
| Married | 529 (82.53) | 254 (68.4) | 243 (91.01) | 141 (87.58) | 286 (76.47) | 113 (53.81) | |||
| Windowed | 109 (17.00) | 115 (30.99) | 22 (8.24) | 19 (11.8) | 87 (23.26) | 96 (45.71) | |||
| Single | 1 (0.16) | 2 (0.54) | 1 (0.37) | 1 (0.62) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.48) | |||
| Divorced | 2 (0.31) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.37) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.27) | 0 (0.00) | |||
| Living alone (%) | 92 (14.40) | 86 (23.20) | 0.000 | 28 (10.50) | 24 (14.90) | 0.175 | 64 (17.10) | 62 (29.50) | 0.000 |
| Monthly income (%) | 0.030 | 0.081 | 0.226 | ||||||
| < 1000 | 54 (8.40) | 44 (11.90) | 17 (6.39) | 13 (8.13) | 37 (9.89) | 31 (14.83) | |||
| 1000–3000 | 367 (57.30) | 229 (62.10) | 134 (50.38) | 98 (61.25) | 233 (62.3) | 131 (62.68) | |||
| 3000–5000 | 97 (15.20) | 44 (11.90) | 51 (19.17) | 22 (13.75) | 46 (12.30) | 22 (10.53) | |||
| > 5000 | 122 (19.10) | 52 (14.10) | 64 (24.00) | 27 (16.88) | 58 (15.51) | 25 (11.96) | |||
| Education (%) | 0.000 | 0.411 | 0.000 | ||||||
| Illiteracy | 70 (10.92) | 84 (22.64) | 15 (5.62) | 1 0(6.21) | 55 (14.71) | 74 (35.24) | |||
| Primary | 375 (58.50) | 200 (53.91) | 135 (50.56) | 91 (56.52) | 240 (64.17) | 109 (51.90) | |||
| ≥ High school | 196 (30.58) | 87 (23.45) | 117 (43.82) | 60 (37.27) | 79 (21.12) | 27 (12.86) | |||
| Smoking (%) | 0.682 | 0.650 | 0.288 | ||||||
| Current | 99 (15.47) | 54 (14.59) | 98 (36.70) | 52 (32.30) | 1 (0.27) | 2(0.96) | |||
| Never | 440 (68.75) | 250 (67.57) | 69 (25.84) | 45 (27.95) | 371 (99.46) | 205 (98.09) | |||
| Former | 101 (15.78) | 66 (17.84) | 100 (37.45) | 64 (39.75) | 1 (0.27) | 2 (0.96) | |||
| Drinking (%) | 0.086 | 0.402 | 0.010 | ||||||
| Daily | 88 (13.77) | 55 (14.86) | 75 (28.2) | 37(23.13) | 13 (3.49) | 18 (8.57) | |||
| Occasional | 95 (14.87) | 52 (14.05) | 56 (21.05) | 32 (20.00) | 39 (10.46) | 20 (9.52) | |||
| Former | 67 (10.49) | 58 (15.67) | 54 (20.30) | 43 (26.88) | 13 (3.49) | 15 (7.14) | |||
| Never | 389 (60.88) | 205 (55.41) | 81 (30.45) | 48 (30.00) | 308 (82.57) | 157 (74.76) | |||
| Disease history (%) | |||||||||
| Diabetes | 130 (21.74) | 77 (22.92) | 0.678 | 48 (19.12) | 41 (27.52) | 0.051 | 82 (23.63) | 36 (19.25) | 0.245 |
| Hypertension | 457 (71.20) | 279 (75.41) | 0.157 | 191 (71.54) | 111 (69.38) | 0.635 | 266 (71.12) | 168 (80.00) | 0.018 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 305 (54.17) | 167 (52.68) | 0.670 | 97 (42.17) | 58 (41.43) | 0.888 | 208 (62.46) | 109 (61.58) | 0.845 |
| Stroke | 32 (5.09) | 32 (8.79) | 0.022 | 23 (8.75) | 10 (6.29) | 0.363 | 9 (2.46) | 22 (10.73) | 0.000 |
| MMSE | 25.73 ± 4.04 | 22.77 ± 5.55 | 0.000 | 26.54 ± 3.67 | 24.58 ± 4.03 | 0.000 | 25.16 ± 4.19 | 21.38 ± 6.13 | 0.000 |
| IPAQ (Met/week) | 4746 (1680,9786) | 4620 (1606,9786) | 0.985 | 4053 (1440,8022) | 5040 (1533,10,733) | 0.061 | 5239 (2140,10,600) | 415 5(1621,9056) | 0.023 |
| ADL | 99.49 ± 2.19 | 98.91 ± 3.76 | 0.006 | 99.64 ± 1.49 | 98.79 ± 4.46 | 0.020 | 99.38 ± 2.57 | 99 ± 3.12 | 0.131 |
| IADL | 7.71 ± 0.74 | 7.34 ± 1.34 | 0.000 | 7.69 ± 0.76 | 7.51 ± 1.15 | 0.085 | 7.73 ± 0.72 | 7.21 ± 1.46 | 0.000 |
Note: Significant probabilities are marked in bold
Abbreviation: PTA pure-tone average, High PTA was defined as pure tone average of the threshold at 4, and 8 kHz in the better ear, Speech PTA was defined as pure tone average of the threshold at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz in the better ear, HL hearing loss, and was defined as PTA(0.5,1,2, and 4 kHz) more than 40 dB loss in the better ear, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic pressure, IPAQ international physical activity questionnaire, ADL activity of daily living, IADL instrumental activity of daily living, MMSE mini-mental status examination