Table 4.
Linear regression between hearing sensitivity and cognitive impairment
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95%CI) | P | β (95%CI) | P | |
| High PTA | ||||
| MMSE | – 0.084 ( – 0.102, – 0.066) | 0.000 | – 0.038 ( – 0.055, – 0.022) | 0.000 |
| Time | – 0.014 ( – 0.018, – 0.010) | 0.000 | – 0.004 ( – 0.009, 0.000) | 0.065 |
| Place | – 0.010 ( – 0.013, – 0.006) | 0.000 | – 0.003 ( – 0.007, 0.001) | 0.099 |
| Registration | – 0.008 ( – 0.011, – 0.006) | 0.000 | – 0.007 ( – 0.009, – 0.004) | 0.000 |
| Recall | – 0.013 ( – 0.018, – 0.009) | 0.000 | – 0.008 ( – 0.014, – 0.003) | 0.002 |
| Attention/calculation | – 0.021 ( – 0.027, – 0.014) | 0.000 | – 0.012 ( – 0.019, – 0.003) | 0.001 |
| Language | – 0.019 ( – 0.023, – 0.014) | 0.000 | – 0.004 ( – 0.009, 0.000) | 0.050 |
| Speech PTA | ||||
| MMSE | – 0.131 ( – 0.151, – 0.111) | 0.000 | – 0.061 ( – 0.081, – 0.042) | 0.000 |
| Time | – 0.021 ( – 0.026, – 0.016) | 0.000 | – 0.008 (-0.014, – 0.003) | 0.003 |
| Place | – 0.017 ( – 0.021, – 0.013) | 0.000 | – 0.007 ( – 0.011, – 0.002) | 0.003 |
| Registration | – 0.012 ( – 0.014, – 0.009) | 0.000 | – 0.009 ( – 0.012, – 0.005) | 0.000 |
| Recall | – 0.019 ( – 0.025, – 0.014) | 0.000 | – 0.011 ( – 0.017, – 0.004) | 0.001 |
| Attention/calculation | – 0.033 ( – 0.040, – 0.026) | 0.000 | – 0.020 ( – 0.028, – 0.012) | 0.000 |
| Language | – 0.029 ( – 0.035, – 0.023) | 0.000 | – 0.007 ( – 0.013, – 0.002) | 0.010 |
Note: Significant probabilities are marked in bold
PTA pure-tone average, High PTA was defined as pure tone average of the threshold at 4, and 8 kHz in the better ear; Speech PTA was defined as pure tone average of the threshold at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz in the better ear
Model 1: unadjusted
Model 2: adjusted for age, BMI, marital status, living alone, monthly income, education, drinking, smoking, IPAQ, ADL, IADL, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and stroke