Table 5.

Linear regression between hearing sensitivity and cognitive impairment in males

Variables	Model 1		Model 2
	β (95%CI)	P	β (95%CI)	P
High PTA
MMSE	– 0.042 ( – 0.064,  – 0.019)	0.000	– 0.027 ( – 0.051, 0.003)	0.027
Time	– 0.006 ( – 0.012, 0.000)	0.059	– 0.002 ( – 0.009, 0.005)	0.539
Place	– 0.002 ( – 0.005, 0.001)	0.242	0.000 ( – 0.003, 0.004)	0.835
Registration	– 0.008 (-0.011,  – 0.004)	0.000	– 0.007 ( – 0.012,  – 0.003)	0.001
Recall	– 0.008 ( – 0.015,  – 0.000)	0.037	– 0.008 ( – 0.016, 0.000)	0.064
Attention/calculation	– 0.011(  – 0.020,  – 0.003)	0.011	– 0.009 ( – 0.018, 0.001)	0.078
Language	– 0.007 ( – 0.014,  – 0.001)	0.024	– 0.002 ( – 0.008, 0.005)	0.577
Speech PTA
MMSE	– 0.082 ( – 0.108,  – 0.055)	0.000	– 0.066 ( – 0.095, – 0.037)	0.000
Time	– 0.012 ( – 0.019,  – 0.005)	0.001	– 0.009 ( – 0.018,  – 0.000)	0.025
Place	– 0.005 ( – 0.009,  –  0.001)	0.021	– 0.001 ( – 0.006, 0.003)	0.597
Registration	– 0.012 ( – 0.016,  – 0.007)	0.000	– 0.011 ( – 0.016, -0.006)	0.000
Recall	– 0.017 ( – 0.026, – 0.008)	0.000	– 0.015 ( – 0.025,  – 0.005)	0.003
Attention/calculation	– 0.022 ( – 0.033,  – 0.012)	0.000	– 0.022 ( – 0.033,  – 0.010)	0.000
Language	– 0.014 ( – 0.021,  – 0.006)	0.000	– 0.007 ( – 0.015, 0.001)	0.072

Note: Significant probabilities are marked in bold

PTA pure-tone average, High PTA was defined as pure tone average of the threshold at 4, and 8 kHz in the better ear; Speech PTA was defined as pure tone average of the threshold at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz in the better ear

Model 1: unadjusted

Model 2: adjusted for age, BMI, marital status, living alone, monthly income, education, drinking, smoking, IPAQ, ADL, IADL, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and stroke