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. 2022 Apr 1;54(4):483–492. doi: 10.1038/s12276-022-00749-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a Merged single-cell sequencing data for bone-marrow-derived MSCs at passages 1 and 3. b The percentages of MSCs at passage 1 or 3 in the ten clusters. c The violin plot shows the marker gene expression of each cluster for all ten clusters. d A CCK-8 assay determined that MSCs at passage 1 had a stronger proliferative ability than those at passage 3. e MSCs at passage 3 showed a stronger osteogenic differentiation ability but a weaker adipogenic differentiation ability than MSCs at passage 1. f The immunoregulatory ability of MSCs at passage 3 was stronger than that of MSCs at passage 1. g The biological process, molecular function, and cellular component terms of Cluster 8 were determined by GO analysis. h SA-β-Gal staining showed that the number of senescent MSCs was larger in the passage 3 population than in the passage 1 population.