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. 2022 May 6;8:251. doi: 10.1038/s41420-022-01015-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — A The efficiency of LPS extraction from V. parvula and B. fragilis. B The disease activity index (DAI) of mice in V. parvula group is higher than that in B. fragilis or PBS group. C Representative photomicrographs showing worse histologic injury as well as more crypt abscesses and more distribution of immune cells in the distal colon of mice fed with LPS. Scale bars: 100 μm. D Higher levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in distal colon of mice treated with LPS-V. E Western blotting assays showing more apoptosis and impaired tight junction induced by LPS-V than LPS-B or PBS in distal colon tissues. F Survival in mice (n = 10 mice/group) treated with LPS-V is shorter compared to mice treated with LPS-B or PBS in an LPS model of sepsis. G Serum concentration of pro-inflammatory factors in three groups. All data are expressed as mean ± SD. NS denotes no signification. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.