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. 2022 May 7;20(4):2385–2485. doi: 10.1007/s10311-022-01424-x

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Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Biochar has a significant role in improving the chemical, physical, and microbiological properties of soil. Among the chemical properties of soil that can be improved are pH, nutrient availability, cation-exchange capacity and functional groups. Additionally, soil physical properties such as bulk density, porosity, and water holding capacity properties can be improved. Moreover, soil biological properties are enhanced by the addition of a significant amount of bioavailable nutrients, which improve the variety, number, and activity of soil microorganisms