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. 2022 May 7;20(4):2385–2485. doi: 10.1007/s10311-022-01424-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Many features of biochar allow to remove pollutants such as heavy metals and antibiotics. Contaminants can be passivated via adsorption, surface complexation, redox effect, ion exchange, precipitation, electrostatic attraction, and π–π interactions during anaerobic digestion. The heavy metal pollutants affecting the anaerobic digestion process could reduce either mesophilic or thermophilic operation system, which verifies the wide aspect of biochar efficiency on heavy metal removal at various digestion conditions