GQDs based biosensor performance for the detection of DNA.

Material	Preparation method	Detection method	Detection target	Linear range	Detection limit	Ref.
GQDs	Hydrothermal method	Electrochemistry	DNA sequence	200–500 nM	100 nM	25
GQDs	Hydrothermal method	Electrochemical luminescence	AuNPs-ssDNA	25–400 nM	13 nM	26
Carbon nanoparticles	—	Fluorescence	HIV-DNA	1–50 nM	0.4 nM	27
Streptavidin modified nanoparticles	—	Electrochemistry	HBV-DNA	—	2530 nM	28
Carbon paste	—	Electrochemistry	HBV-DNA	—	15 nM	3
GQDs	Pyrolysis method	Electrochemistry	HBV-DNA	10–500 nM	1 nM	This study