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. 2021 May 29;12(2):483–491. doi: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.05.010

Table 5.

Comparison of Risk Factors, Tumor Characteristics by Era.

Characteristic Era 1 (1993–2002) (n = 244) Era 2 (2003–2012) (n = 519) Era 3 (2013–2020) (n = 688) P value
Mean age in years (SD) 60.9 (12.2) 62.0 (11.5) 65.6 (10.4) <0.001
Males 172 (70.5%) 398 (76.7%) 510 (74.1%) 0.185
Age ≥ 65 years 97 (39.8%) 203 (39.1%) 349 (50.7%) <0.001
Ethnicity
 Asian 182 (74.6%) 310 (59.7%) 340 (49.4%) <0.001
 White 35 (14.3%) 108 (20.8%) 162 (23.5%)
 Pacific Islander 24 (9.8%) 85 (16.4%) 110 (16%)
 Mixed 0 7 (1.1%) 42 (6.1%)
 Other 3 (1.2%) 9 (1.8%) 33 (4.8%)
Hepatitis B surface Ag+ 97 (39.8%) 145 (27.9%) 117 (17%) <0.001
Hepatitis B core Ab + 11 (4.5%) 60 (11.6%) 158 (10.9%) <0.001
Hepatitis C 74 (30.3%) 213 (41%) 301 (43.8%) <0.001
Significant Alcohol use 91 (37.3%) 233 (44.9%) 302 (43.9%) 0.042
NASH/NAFLD 17 (7%) 52 (10%) 120 (17.4%) <0.001
Mean BMI (SD) 25.5 (5.1) 26.8 (5.3) 27.4 (9.3) 0.017
BMI ≥ 30 19 (7.8%) 107 (20.6%) 177 (25.7%) <0.001
BMI ≥ 35 6 (2.5%) 34 (6.6%) 77 (11.2%) <0.001
Smoking history 111 (45.5%) 321 (61.8%) 460 (66.9%) <0.001
Diabetes mellitus 68 (27.9%) 161 (31%) 277 (40.3%) 0.001
Hyperlipidemia 20 (8.2%) 116 (22.4%) 240 (34.9%) <0.001
Hypertension 35 (14.3%) 269 (51.8%) 416 (60.5%) <0.001
Normal AFP 76 (31.1%) 193 (37.2%) 311 (45.2%) 0.001
AFP ≥ 1000 ng/dL 70 (28.7%) 123 (23.7%) 111(16.1%) <0.001
HCC found with surveillance 31 (12.7%) 119 (32.9%) 210 (30.5%) <0.001
Mean Tumor size in cm(SD) 7.04 (4.75) 5.74 (4.35) 5.48 (4.15) <0.001
Tumor ≥ 5 cm 136 (55.7%) 212 (40.9%) 276 (40.1%) <0.001
Tumor ≥10 cm 66 (27%) 83 (16%) 93 (16.7%) <0.001
Multiple tumors 91 (37.3%) 173 (33.3%) 208 (30.2%) 0.137
Cirrhosis 177 (72.5%) 384 (74%) 456 (66.3%) 0.008
Spontaneous rupture 13 (5.3%) 18 (3.5%) 26 (3.9%) 0.45