Table 5.
Comparison of Risk Factors, Tumor Characteristics by Era.
| Characteristic | Era 1 (1993–2002) (n = 244) | Era 2 (2003–2012) (n = 519) | Era 3 (2013–2020) (n = 688) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age in years (SD) | 60.9 (12.2) | 62.0 (11.5) | 65.6 (10.4) | <0.001 |
| Males | 172 (70.5%) | 398 (76.7%) | 510 (74.1%) | 0.185 |
| Age ≥ 65 years | 97 (39.8%) | 203 (39.1%) | 349 (50.7%) | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Asian | 182 (74.6%) | 310 (59.7%) | 340 (49.4%) | <0.001 |
| White | 35 (14.3%) | 108 (20.8%) | 162 (23.5%) | |
| Pacific Islander | 24 (9.8%) | 85 (16.4%) | 110 (16%) | |
| Mixed | 0 | 7 (1.1%) | 42 (6.1%) | |
| Other | 3 (1.2%) | 9 (1.8%) | 33 (4.8%) | |
| Hepatitis B surface Ag+ | 97 (39.8%) | 145 (27.9%) | 117 (17%) | <0.001 |
| Hepatitis B core Ab + | 11 (4.5%) | 60 (11.6%) | 158 (10.9%) | <0.001 |
| Hepatitis C | 74 (30.3%) | 213 (41%) | 301 (43.8%) | <0.001 |
| Significant Alcohol use | 91 (37.3%) | 233 (44.9%) | 302 (43.9%) | 0.042 |
| NASH/NAFLD | 17 (7%) | 52 (10%) | 120 (17.4%) | <0.001 |
| Mean BMI (SD) | 25.5 (5.1) | 26.8 (5.3) | 27.4 (9.3) | 0.017 |
| BMI ≥ 30 | 19 (7.8%) | 107 (20.6%) | 177 (25.7%) | <0.001 |
| BMI ≥ 35 | 6 (2.5%) | 34 (6.6%) | 77 (11.2%) | <0.001 |
| Smoking history | 111 (45.5%) | 321 (61.8%) | 460 (66.9%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 68 (27.9%) | 161 (31%) | 277 (40.3%) | 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 20 (8.2%) | 116 (22.4%) | 240 (34.9%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 35 (14.3%) | 269 (51.8%) | 416 (60.5%) | <0.001 |
| Normal AFP | 76 (31.1%) | 193 (37.2%) | 311 (45.2%) | 0.001 |
| AFP ≥ 1000 ng/dL | 70 (28.7%) | 123 (23.7%) | 111(16.1%) | <0.001 |
| HCC found with surveillance | 31 (12.7%) | 119 (32.9%) | 210 (30.5%) | <0.001 |
| Mean Tumor size in cm(SD) | 7.04 (4.75) | 5.74 (4.35) | 5.48 (4.15) | <0.001 |
| Tumor ≥ 5 cm | 136 (55.7%) | 212 (40.9%) | 276 (40.1%) | <0.001 |
| Tumor ≥10 cm | 66 (27%) | 83 (16%) | 93 (16.7%) | <0.001 |
| Multiple tumors | 91 (37.3%) | 173 (33.3%) | 208 (30.2%) | 0.137 |
| Cirrhosis | 177 (72.5%) | 384 (74%) | 456 (66.3%) | 0.008 |
| Spontaneous rupture | 13 (5.3%) | 18 (3.5%) | 26 (3.9%) | 0.45 |