Table 3.

Disciplines and skills of IM according to the domains and activities

Disciplines involved in IM	Specific skills	IM domains where the specific skills are needed
Advertising Advocacy Argumentation theory Behavioral sciences Cognitive science Communication sciences (from interpersonal to mass communication) Community engagement Complexity science Computational social science Cybersecurity Design Digital health Education and pedagogical sciences Ethics Health campaigns Health communication Health economics Health informatics Health literacy Health service research Health system research Knowledge translation Knowledge dissemination Implementation science Infodemiology and IM (theories, methods, tools, strategies and processes) Institutional development Law Media and Journalism Media literacy Narratology and the rhetoric of narratives Persuasion research Public health (history of public health and best practice) Organizational management Quantitative and qualitative research methods Risk communication Science literacy Scientific journalism Social listening and social media monitoring tools (Social) marketing Social inequalities and health inequity Study design Team communication User experience design (UXD)	• Strengthen and develop all main IM processes within institutions • Identify and apply standards for ethical conduct in IM • Build a network of partners for coordinated IM	Domain 1 Infodemic management
	• Identify mis/disinformation • Utilize research methods, social listening and social media monitoring tools and methods to collect data (online and offline) on an infodemic • Identify targets for IM interventions	Domain 2 Prepare and monitor 2.1. Listen
	• Tailor health communication and dissemination of health information • Pretest messages for relevance, readability, comprehension and potential impact • Maintain, promote and build trust in health institutions • Communicate with the media • Empower spokespersons to speak on behalf of institutions	Domain 2 Prepare and monitor 2.2. Inform
	• Develop and implement interventions that address individual, community, cultural and societal-level factors affecting trust and resilience to misinformation	Domain 3 Detect and intervene 3.1. Intervene
	• Develop and utilize standard operating procedures to collect, analyze and correct misinformation on various levels • Build and strengthen coordinated work with partner organizations and stakeholders to act on mis/disinformation in a timely way	Domain 3 Detect and intervene 3.2. Counter
	• Design and conduct impact studies • Reflect on the results of interventions to refine overall institutional strategies against infodemics	Domain 3 Detect and intervene 3.3. Monitor
	• Use frameworks and research methods to build and evaluate interventions to strengthen individuals’ and communities’ resilience against mis/disinformation • Use theories, frameworks and strategies of communication to build or reinforce trust in institutions	Domain 3 Detect and intervene 3.4. Support
	• Synthesize and present existing evidence and guidance from IM findings for specific country contexts • Apply principles and tools of knowledge translation from IM findings to empower and reinforce health systems in IM • Promote inter-organizational work and collaboration	Domain 4 Strengthen 4.1. Prepare
	• Identify strengths and limitations in institutions’ IM programs and procedures • Translate the findings from IM interventions and best practices to strengthen institutions’ strategies • Collect, synthesize and transfer the findings from partners or other relevant institutions	Domain 4 4.2 Ongoing monitoring and strategy refinement
	• Identify relevant topics, needs and gaps within institutions for IM training • Build institutional relationships with relevant stakeholders (from professional categories to the mass media) • Use the theories, methods and principles of professional learning to design, implement and evaluate training in infodemiology and IM within the institution	Domain 4 4.3 Building capacity