Table 2.
Univariate Cox Regression Analysis of Baseline Candidate Predictors of Symptomatic, Functional, and Personal Recovery
| Symptomatic recovery (n = 126) | Functional recovery (n = 128) | Personal recovery (n = 126) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic factors | |||
| Gender, female | 1.06 (0.75–1.52) | 0.96 (0.67–1.37) | 1.13 (0.79–1.60) |
| Parental socioeconomic status | 0.51 (0.39–0.66)c | 0.48 (0.37–0.62)c | 0.58 (0.45–0.76)c |
| High school | 1.95 (1.37–2.68)c | 2.29 (1.61–3.26)c | 2.12 (1.49–3.01)c |
| Married/stable partner at illness onset | 1.19 (0.82–1.73) | 1.15 (0.79–1.67) | 1.05 (0.72–1.53) |
| Winter birth | 0.82 (0.57–1.17) | 0.88 (0.62–1.26) | 0.72 (0.50–1.03) |
| Urban environment during upbringing | 1.24 (0.87–1.77) | 1.28 (0.90–1.82) | 1.19 (0.83–1.69) |
| Familial risk factors | |||
| Family History of SSD | 0.34 (0.19–0.60)c | 0.36 (0.21–0.63)b | 0.39 (0.23–.066)b |
| Family history of bipolar disorder | 0.98 (0.53–1.84) | 0.84 (0.44–1.62) | 1.16 (0.67–2.07) |
| Family History of MDD | 1.21 (0.75–1.97) | 1.16 (0.72–1.89) | 1.40 (0.88–2.34) |
| Distal antecedents | |||
| Obstetric complications | 0.56 (0.36–0.88)a | 0.55 (0.35–0.86)b | 0.61 (0.40–0.93) |
| Developmental delay at year 3 | 0.73 (0.62–0.86)c | 0.65 (0.54–0.78)c | 0.67 (0.56–0.80)c |
| Intermediate antecedents | |||
| Childhood adversity | 1.02 (1.01–1.03)c | 1.02 (1.01–1.03)c | 1.01 (1.01–1.02)c |
| Premorbid adjustment | 0.90 (0.86–0.95)c | 0.89 (0.84–0.94)c | 0.93 (0.88–0.97)b |
| Premorbid cognitive reserve | 1.04 (1.02–1.05)c | 1.05 (1.03–1.07)c | 1.04 (1.02–1.05)b |
| Proximal antecedents | |||
| Drug use | 1.13 (1.04–1.23)b | 1.13 (1.04–1.22)b | 1.15 (1.09–1.25)c |
| Acute psychosocial stressors | 1.17 (1.05–1.31)b | 1.19 (1.07–1.33)c | 1.01 (0.95–1.14) |
| Illness-onset features | |||
| Age at illness onset | 1.02 (1.01–1.04)b | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 1.04 (1.02–1.06)c |
| Mode of onset | 0.84 (0.73–0.97)a | 0.84 (0.73–0.97)b | 0.92 (0.79–1.06) |
| Duration of untreated psychosis | 0.95 (0.75–1.21) | 0.92 (0.73–1.17) | 0.99 (0.78–1.26) |
| Duration of untreated continuous psychosis | 0.59 (0.43–0.80)b | 0.57 (0.42–0.77)c | 0.74 (0.55–0.98) |
| First-episode characteristics | |||
| Compulsory index admission | 1.07 (0.73–1.55) | 0.86 (0.59–1.27) | 1.04 (0.72–1.52) |
| Length of index admission, weeks | 0.83 (0.73–0.94)b | 0.89 (0.79–1.00) | 0.92 (0.82–1.02) |
| Spontaneous dyskinesia/parkinsonism | 0.86 (0.80–0.92)c | 0.87 (0.82–0.93)c | 0.88 (0.83–0.94)c |
| Neurological soft signs | 0.95 (0.93–0.97)c | 0.94 (0.92–0.96)c | 0.96 (0.94–0.98)b |
| Deficit syndrome | 0.24 (0.10–0.54)b | 0.27 (0.12–0.58)b | 0.40 (0.21–0.77)a |
| Dimensions of psychopathology | |||
| Reality-distortion | 1.08 (0.94–1.23) | 1.07 (0.94–1.22) | 1.62 (0.98–2.67) |
| Disorganization | 1.01 (0.89–1.16) | 1.00 (0.87–1.14) | 1.05 (0.73–1.53) |
| Negative | 0.88 (0.75–1.04) | 0.92 (0.79–1.07) | 0.64 (0.37–1.11) |
| Catatonia | 0.93 (0.79–1.09) | 0.96 (0.82–1.15) | 0.49 (0.25–0.98) |
| Mania | 1.09 (0.95–1.23) | 1.07 (0.94–1.22) | 1.24 (0.77–2.00) |
| Depression | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | 1.94 (0.90–1.23) | 0.78 (0.48–1.28) |
| DSM-5 diagnosis | |||
| Schizophrenia | 0.58 (0.37–0.90)a | 0.47 (0.29–0.76)b | 0.78 (0.52–1.17) |
| Schizophreniform disorder | 0.87 (0.54–1.39) | 0.95 (0.60–1.50) | 0.76 (0.47–1.25) |
| Brief psychotic disorder | 1.80 (1.20–2.68)b | 1.81 (1.22–2.70)b | 1.64 (1.09–2.47)a |
| Mood disorder with psychotic symptoms | 1.15 (0.76–1.73) | 1.30 (0.88–1.93) | 0.94 (0.61–1.46) |
| Other psychotic disorders | 0.97 (0.59–1.61) | 0.90 (0.54–1.51) | 1.12 (0.69–1.81) |
| Early treatment response | |||
| At discharge from index admission | 2.06 (1.37–3.09)c | 2.05 (1.37–3.07)b | 1.64 (1.11–2.41)a |
| 6 months after index admission | 2.30 (1.42–3.79)b | 2.66 (1.61–4.39)c | 1.70 (1.10–2.61)a |
a P < .05.
b P < .01.
c P < .001.
Note: DSM-5, diagnostic and statistical manual, fifth edition; MDD, major depressive disorder; SSD, schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
The level of measurement for each variable is shown in the Supplementary Table 2.