Table 4. Mean Standardized PICU-QODD Score and Univariate Linear Regression Modelsa.
| Variable | Responses, No. (%) (N = 637) | QODD score, mean (SD) | Coefficient (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Admission category | |||
| Medical | 329 (52) | 90.9 (9.1) | [Reference] |
| Surgical | 308 (48) | 88.2 (9.9) | −2.6 (−5.2 to −0.1) |
| Congenital comorbidity | |||
| Absent | 474 (74) | 90.5 (8.5) | [Reference] |
| Genetic or noncardiac anomaly | 163 (26) | 87.0 (11.8) | −3.5 (−7.0 to −0.1) |
| Medical intensity at end-of-lifeb | |||
| Low | 272 (43) | 90.5 (8.6) | [Reference] |
| High | 365 (57) | 89.0 (10.2) | −1.5 (−4.1 to 1.1) |
| Mode of death | |||
| Withdrawal of therapy | 428 (67) | 90.8 (8.8) | [Reference] |
| Limitation to therapy | 103 (16) | 85.8 (10.3) | −5.0 (−8.7 to −1.3) |
| CPR | 78 (12) | 86.7 (11.5) | −4.0 (−8.9 to 0.8) |
| Comfort care only | 15 (2) | 93.1 (7.2) | 2.3 (−2.9 to 7.5) |
| Brain death | 13 (2) | 94.8 (5.6) | 4.1 (2.8 to 5.4) |
| Palliative care involvement | |||
| No palliative care | 290 (46) | 89.5 (10.2) | [Reference] |
| Palliative care involved | 347 (54) | 89.7 (9.2) | 0.1 (−2.6 to 2.8) |
| Death perceived to be aligned with family’s wishes | |||
| Yes | 479 (75) | 91.5 (8.3) | 7.2 (4.4 to 10.0) |
| No | 54 (8) | 84.3 (11.4) | [Reference] |
| NA | 104 (16) | 83.8 (10.7) | −0.5 (−3.7 to 2.7) |
| Discipline | |||
| Medical | 193 (30) | 91.9 (7.8) | [Reference] |
| Nursing | 230 (36) | 88.3 (10.6) | −3.5 (−5.3 to −1.8) |
| Allied | 214 (34) | 88.9 (9.6) | −3.0 (−4.5 to −1.5) |
| Pediatric critical care experience, y | |||
| <2 | 104 (16) | 87.7 (8.9) | −3.6 (−5.6 to −1.6) |
| 2-5 | 161 (25) | 88.2 (11.0) | −3.1 (−5.4 to −0.7) |
| 5-10 | 126 (20) | 89.6 (9.7) | −1.7 (−3.9 to 0.5) |
| 10-15 | 87 (14) | 91.3 (8.9) | 0.0 (−2.0 to 2.0) |
| >15 | 158 (25) | 91.3 (8.3) | [Reference] |
Abbreviations: CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; NA, not applicable; PICU, pediatric intensive care unit; QODD, quality of dying and death.
a
Accounting for the correlation of multiple surveys within each patient.
b
Low intensity indicates no therapies, inotropes without respiratory support, and noninvasive ventilation or invasive ventilation with a maximum of 1 inotrope. High intensity indicates invasive ventilation with more than 1 inotrope, having an open chest, receiving ECMO, or receiving CPR.