Table 2. Baseline Characteristics of All COVID-19–Positive Psychiatric Inpatients and COVID-19–Related Deaths.
| Characteristic | All patients with COVID-19, No. (%) (N = 969) | COVID-19–related deathsa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) (n = 38 [3.9%]) | Crude OR (95% CI) | |||
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 52.8 (14.2) | 67.0 (10.6) | 1.12 (1.08-1.16)b | |
| Age group, y | ||||
| 18-44 | 269 (27.8) | 1 (2.6) | 1 [Reference] | |
| 45-54 | 186 (19.2) | 2 (5.3) | 2.91 (0.26-32.36) | |
| 55-64 | 295 (30.4) | 9 (23.7) | 8.43 (1.06-67.00)b | |
| ≥65 | 219 (22.6) | 26 (68.4) | 36.10 (4.86-268.28)b | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 723 (74.6) | 29 (76.3) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Female | 246 (25.4) | 9 (23.7) | 0.91 (0.42-1.95) | |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 54 (5.6) | 5 (13.2) | 2.44 (0.83-7.15) | |
| Black | 410 (42.3) | 13 (34.2) | 0.78 (0.36-1.71) | |
| Latinx | 156 (16.1) | 5 (13.2) | 0.79 (0.28-2.26) | |
| White | 324 (33.4) | 13 (34.2) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Other or unknownc | 25 (2.6) | 2 (5.3) | 2.08 (0.44-9.78) | |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Nonsmoker | 492 (50.8) | 15 (39.5) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Smoker | 172 (17.8) | 6 (15.8) | 1.15 (0.44-3.01) | |
| Status not available | 305 (31.5) | 17 (44.7) | 1.88 (0.92-3.82)b | |
| BMI group | ||||
| Normal (≤25) | 283 (29.2) | 11 (28.9) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Overweight (26-30) | 372 (38.4) | 16 (42.1) | 1.11 (0.51-2.43) | |
| Low-risk obesity (31-35) | 206 (21.3) | 6 (15.8) | 0.74 (0.27-2.04) | |
| Moderate- to high-risk obesity (>35) | 108 (11.1) | 5 (13.2) | 1.20 (0.41-3.54) | |
| Chronic respiratory disease | ||||
| Yes | 80 (8.3) | 4 (10.5) | 1.32 (0.46-3.83) | |
| No | 889 (91.7) | 34 (89.5) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 136 (14.0) | 12 (31.6) | 3.00 (1.48-6.11)b | |
| No | 833 (86.0) | 26 (68.4) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Heart disease | ||||
| Yes | 47 (4.9) | 8 (21.1) | 6.09 (2.63-14.17)b | |
| No | 922 (95.1) | 30 (78.9) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Yes | 214 (22.1) | 17 (44.7) | 3.02 (1.56-5.83)b | |
| No | 755 (77.9) | 21 (55.3) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Affective psychotic disorder | ||||
| Yesd | 452 (46.6) | 16 (42.1) | 0.83 (0.43-1.59) | |
| Noe | 517 (53.4) | 22 (57.9) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Facility size, mean (SD) No. of patients | 199.8 (60.9) | 213.8 (54.2) | 1.00 (1.00-1.01) | |
| Hospital region | ||||
| New York City and Long Island | 653 (67.4) | 23 (60.5) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Hudson River | 307 (31.7) | 15 (39.5) | 1.41 (0.72-2.74) | |
| Central or Western New York | 9 (0.9) | 0 | NA | |
| Psychotropic medication class | ||||
| First-generation antipsychotic | ||||
| Yes | 611 (63.0) | 23 (60.5) | 0.89 (0.46-1.74) | |
| No | 358 (37.0) | 15 (39.5) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Second-generation antipsychotic | ||||
| Yes | 870 (89.8) | 33 (86.8) | 0.74 (0.28-1.94) | |
| No | 99 (10.2) | 5 (13.2) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Mood stabilizers | ||||
| Yes | 541 (55.8) | 19 (50.0) | 0.78 (0.41-1.50) | |
| No | 428 (44.2) | 19 (50.0) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Benzodiazepines | ||||
| Yes | 502 (51.8) | 16 (42.1) | 0.67 (0.35,1.28) | |
| No | 467 (48.2) | 22 (57.9) | 1 [Reference] | |
| Antidepressants | ||||
| Yes | 261 (26.9) | 6 (15.8) | 0.50 (0.21-1.20)b | |
| No | 708 (73.1) | 32 (84.2) | 1 [Reference] | |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.
a
Estimates show the crude associations between clinical characteristics, psychotropic medication class, and COVID-19 death among inpatients with COVID-19.
b
P < .10.
c
Includes Native American, multiple races, or “other race.”
d
Includes schizoaffective disorder, bipolar I disorder, and major depressive disorder with psychotic features.
e
Includes schizophrenia, delusional disorder, and schizotypal disorder.