Table 4.
Multivariable logistic regression analysis of persons aged ≥18 years who reported receiving influenza vaccination in a nonmedical setting* versus medical setting† as of mid-November of the 2018–19 influenza season‡, by demographic and access-to-care characteristics — National Internet Flu Survey, United States, 2018
| Overall | 18–64 years | ≥65 years | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Adjusted Prevalence Ratio (95% CI) |
Adjusted Prevalence Ratio (95% CI) |
Adjusted Prevalence Ratio (95% CI) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Female | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.10) | 0.93 (0.81, 1.07) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white only | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Non-Hispanic black only | 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) | 0.80 (0.64, 1.00) | 0.88 (0.65, 1.19) |
| Hispanic | 0.83 (0.71, 0.98) | 0.84 (0.70, 1.02) | 0.86 (0.62, 1.20) |
| Non-Hispanic other or multiple races | 0.88 (0.73, 1.05) | 0.86 (0.70, 1.07) | 0.90 (0.64, 1.26) |
| Marital Status | |||
| Married/living with partner | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 1.08 (0.96, 1.21) | 1.10 (0.94, 1.30) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.18) |
| Never married | 0.91 (0.77, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.82, 1.17) | 0.54 (0.34, 0.88) |
| Education level | |||
| High school or less | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Some college or college graduate | 1.04 (0.92, 1.17) | 1.07 (0.91, 1.26) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) |
| Above college graduate | 1.00 (0.86, 1.17) | 1.07 (0.88, 1.32) | 0.90 (0.72, 1.13) |
| Employment status | |||
| Employed | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Not employed/not in work force | 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) | 0.94 (0.80, 1.10) | 0.96 (0.81, 1.14) |
| Annual household income | |||
| <$35,000 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| $35,000–$49,999 | 1.10 (0.89, 1.36) | 1.08 (0.79, 1.47) | 1.09 (0.85, 1.40) |
| $50,000–$74,999 | 1.37 (1.14, 1.64) | 1.45 (1.12, 1.87) | 1.19 (0.95, 1.48) |
| ≥$75,000 | 1.29 (1.09, 1.54) | 1.39 (1.09, 1.76) | 1.08 (0.86, 1.36) |
| Region | |||
| Northeast | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Midwest | 0.94 (0.81, 1.08) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.14) | 0.90 (0.73, 1.10) |
| South | 1.04 (0.92, 1.17) | 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) | 1.06 (0.89, 1.27) |
| West | 0.75 (0.64, 0.88) | 0.73 (0.59, 0.90) | 0.83 (0.66, 1.03) |
| Visit to healthcare professional/received recommendation for influenza vaccination | |||
| Doctor visit/received recommendation for influenza vaccination | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Doctor visit/did not receive recommendation for influenza vaccination | 1.40 (1.23, 1.60) | 1.47 (1.23, 1.75) | 1.29 (1.09, 1.52) |
| Did not visit doctor or healthcare professional | 1.64 (1.46, 1.84) | 1.74 (1.49, 2.03) | 1.43 (1.22, 1.68) |
| Has a usual place to go when sick? | |||
| Yes/more than one | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| No | 1.10 (0.89, 1.36) | 1.02 (0.79, 1.33) | 1.39 (1.05, 1.83) |
| Have high-risk§ conditions for influenza complications | |||
| Yes | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| No | 1.06 (0.96, 1.17) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.15) | 1.17 (1.02, 1.34) |
| Household size | |||
| ≤3 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| ≥4 | 0.90 (0.79, 1.03) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.06) | 0.79 (0.54, 1.14) |
| Health insurance | |||
| Yes | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| No | 1.08 (0.83, 1.39) | 1.06 (0.81, 1.38) | 1.54 (0.92, 2.56) |
| Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) | |||
| MSA | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Non-MSA | 1.09 (0.95, 1.25) | 1.12 (0.94, 1.34) | 1.05 (0.87, 1.26) |
Note: Boldface indicates significance (p<0.05 by t-test for comparisons within each variable with the indicated reference level).
Abbreviations: CI= confidence interval.
Pharmacy/store, workplace, senior/community center, school, college or other place.
Doctor's office, hospital/emergency department, clinic/health center or health department.
Individuals reported receiving influenza vaccination during July through mid- November 2018.
Respondents were defined as being at high risk for complications from influenza if they reported currently having any of the following conditions: asthma, diabetes, a lung condition other than asthma, heart disease (other than high blood pressure, heart murmur, or mitral valve prolapse), a kidney condition, sickle cell anemia or other anemia, a neurologic or neuromuscular condition, obesity, a liver condition, a weakened immune system caused by chronic illness or by medicines taken for a chronic illness such as cancer, chemotherapy, HIV/AIDS, steroids, and transplant medicines, or being currently pregnant.