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. 2018 Jan 17;8(6):3161–3177. doi: 10.1039/c7ra12782k

Potential polymers obtained from sugar and its derivatives.

Substrates Product Potential applications Ref.
Dimethyl ester of 2,3:4,5-di-O-methylene–galactaric acid + 1,n-alkanediols HO(CH2)nOH + catalyst Poly galactarates (PE–nGalx) Food packaging; medical devices 166
Dimethyl ester of adipic acid + 1,n-alkanediols HO(CH2)nOH + catalyst Polyadipates (PE–nAd)
Activated galactaric (peracetylated galactaric acid chloride, galactaric acid methyl ester) Carbohydrate-segmented silicone polyamides Clinical applications; cosmetics and textile industries 193
Activated glucaric acid derivatives (heterogenous esterification product of glucaric acid)
2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) + ethylene glycol (EG) poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF) Food packaging, in particular: packaging of soft drinks, water and alcoholic beverages; films; fibers 194
Dimethyl 2,5-furandicarboxylate (DMFDC) + ethylene glycol (EG)
2,5-Bis(hydroxyethyl)furandicarboxylate + antimony(iii) oxide 195
(DCFDC) + ethylene glycol (EG) 196
FDCA + 1,4-butanediol + titanium(iv) butoxide (Ti(OBu)n) Poly(1,4-butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PBF) Biodegradable copolymers; packaging 197
Furfural + base + air/O2 + catalyst and furan + H2 198
Cyclic oligo(alkylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate)s + Sn(Oct)2 184
Sorbitol + citric acid + sebacic acid poly(sorbitol citric sebacate) [p(SCS)] Potential biomedical applications; materials metabolized in the human body 154
sorbitol + tartaric acid + sebacic acid poly(sorbitol tartaric sebacate) [p(STS)]
Aromatic isocyanate (4,4′-di-phenylmethane diisocyanate) + polyols (polytetramethylene glycol, polycaprolactone, polycarbonate diols) + sucrose Polyurethane elastomer (PUE) Flexible slab and molded; foam; sold elastomers; carpet backing; heat insulation; tremor insulation; cases for commercial instruments 199