Table 2.
Association between gestational diabetes mellitus and perinatal outcomes stratified by pre‐pregnancy body mass index using the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan classification
| Pre‐pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | GDM | n | GWG (kg) † | SGA | LGA | Macrosomia | HDP | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) ‡ |
OR (95% CI) |
n (%) ‡ |
OR (95% CI) |
n (%) ‡ |
OR (95% CI) |
n (%) ‡ |
OR (95% CI) |
||||
| <18.5 (Underweight) | No | 13,464 | 11.1 ± 5.6 | 1,292 (10) | Reference | 657 (5) | Reference | 40 (0) | Reference | 220 (2) | Reference |
| Yes | 216 | 9.6 ± 4.0 | 26 (12) |
1.00 (0.65–1.54) |
13 (6) |
1.46 (0.82–2.60) |
0 (0) | (–) | 4 (2) |
1.18 (0.90–1.54) |
|
| 18.5–24.9 (Normal weight) | No | 61,292 | 10.7 ± 3.7 | 3,624 (6) | Reference | 5,338 (9) | Reference | 493 (1) | Reference | 1,329 (2) | Reference |
| Yes | 1,318 | 8.9 ± 4.4 | 82 (6) |
0.82 (0.65–1.04) |
149 (11) |
1.56 (1.30–1.87)*** |
19 (1) |
2.14 (1.35–3.42)** |
59 (4) |
2.19 (1.67–2.87)*** |
|
| ≥25.0 (Overweight/obese) | No | 8,256 | 8.0 ± 5.1 | 325 (4) | Reference | 1,356 (16) | Reference | 185 (2) | Reference | 535 (6) | Reference |
| Yes | 682 | 5.5 ± 5.9 | 42 (6) |
1.30 (0.92–1.83) |
149 (22) |
1.67 (1.37–2.04)*** |
17 (2) |
1.30 (0.78–2.18) |
88 (13) |
2.24 (1.75–2.87)*** |
|
Logistic regression models are adjusted for maternal age, smoking, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and gestational weight gain (GWG) when the perinatal outcomes are small for gestational age (SGA). Logistic regression models are adjusted for maternal age, smoking and GWG when the perinatal outcomes are large for gestational age (LGA). Logistic regression models are adjusted for maternal age, smoking, infant sex and GWG when the perinatal outcomes are macrosomia and HDP. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) is in comparison with the reference group. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.
BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.
Mean ± standard deviation.
Percent (%) represents n case / n all × 100.