Table 3.

Association between gestational diabetes mellitus and perinatal outcomes stratified by gestational weight gain using the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan classification

GWG	GDM	n	Pre‐pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) †	SGA		LGA		Macrosomia		HDP
				n (%) ‡	OR (95% CI)	n (%) ‡	OR (95% CI)	n (%) ‡	OR (95% CI)	n (%) ‡	OR (95% CI)
Insufficient	No	12,720	21.1 ± 3.8	1,427 (11)	Reference	521 (4)	Reference	41 (0)	Reference	261 (2)	Reference
	Yes	713	23.9 ± 5.8	71 (10)	1.07 (0.82–1.40)	47 (7)	0.99 (0.71–1.38)	2 (0)	0.50 (0.12–2.11)	39 (5)	1.68 (1.16–2.43)**
Adequate	No	40,776	20.9 ± 2.8	2,688 (7)	Reference	2,798 (7)	Reference	199 (0)	Reference	774 (2)	Reference
	Yes	931	22.9 ± 4.5	53 (6)	0.93 (0.70–1.23)	109 (12)	1.31 (1.06–1.62)*	14 (2)	1.66 (0.93–2.96)	57 (6)	2.13 (1.58–2.86)***
Excessive	No	29,516	21.4 ± 3.4	1,126 (4)	Reference	4,032 (14)	Reference	478 (2)	Reference	1,049 (4)	Reference
	Yes	572	24.6 ± 5.1	26 (5)	1.41 (0.94–2.12)	155 (28)	1.74 (1.43–2.12)***	20 (4)	1.33 (0.83–2.14)	55 (10)	1.54 (1.13–2.11)**

Logistic regression models are adjusted for maternal age, smoking, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) when the perinatal outcomes are small for gestational age (SGA). Logistic regression models are adjusted for maternal age, smoking and pre‐pregnancy BMI when the perinatal outcomes are large for gestational age (LGA). Logistic regression models are adjusted for maternal age, smoking, infant sex and pre‐pregnancy BMI when the perinatal outcomes are macrosomia and HDP. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) is in comparison with the reference group. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.

GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GWG, gestational weight gain.

^† Mean ± standard deviation.

^‡ Percent (%) represents n _case / n _all × 100.