Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of study population at follow up by different classes
| Characteristic |
Class 1 n = 2,614 |
Class 2 n = 2,114 |
Class 3 n = 539 |
P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 51.9 ± 11.0 | 54.7 ± 10.3 | 56.7 ± 10.7 | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 1,033 (39.5%) | 1,084 (51.3%) | 311 (57.7%) | <0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 90.3 ± 5.8 | 97.5 ± 5.9 | 105.2 ± 6.5 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 76.4 ± 6.8 | 87.6 ± 6.4 | 99.0 ± 6.9 | <0.001 |
| AVI | 11.8 (10.5–13.2) | 15.5 (14.1–17.0) | 19.6 (18.1–21.6) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) † | 21.5 ± 2.3 | 24.8 ± 2.5 | 28.5 ± 3.0 | <0.001 |
| Urban area † | 701 (26.8%) | 646 (30.6%) | 181 (33.6%) | <0.001 |
| Smoker | 742 (28.4%) | 757 (35.8%) | 188 (34.9%) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption | 350 (13.4%) | 359 (17.0%) | 114 (21.2%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 183 (7.0%) | 357 (16.9%) | 162 (30.1%) | <0.001 |
| Average energy intake (kcal/day) † | 2,084.1 (1,697.0–2,513.6) | 2,140.2 (1,746.4–2,587.2) | 2,141.0 (1,746.4–2,622.1) | 0.016 |
| Average carbohydrate intake (g/day) † | 289.2 (231.6–361.1) | 289.1 (229.8–359.0) | 288.5 (229.2–363.1) | 0.754 |
| Average fat intake (g/day) † | 67.6 (47.6–91.9) | 72.4 (51.2–98.3) | 72.4 (50.9–97.2) | <0.001 |
| Average protein intake (g/day) † | 61.7 (49.8–76.9) | 63.2 (50.4–79.7) | 65.3 (52.5–82.1) | <0.001 |
| Level of education † | 0.044 | |||
| Primary school or below | 725 (27.7%) | 579 (27.4%) | 148 (27.5%) | |
| Graduated from primary school | 598 (22.9%) | 463 (21.9%) | 121 (22.4%) | |
| Lower middle‐school degree | 827 (31.6%) | 652 (30.8%) | 153 (28.4%) | |
| Upper middle‐school degree | 281 (10.7%) | 219 (10.4%) | 57 (10.6%) | |
| Technical or vocational degree | 117 (4.5%) | 121 (5.7%) | 32 (5.9%) | |
| University or college degree | 66 (2.5%) | 80 (3.8%) | 28 (5.2%) | |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 5.5 ± 1.4 | 6.0 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.5 ± 0.7 | 5.7 ± 0.8 | 6.1 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| HOMA‐IR † | 2.0 (1.3–2.9) | 2.6 (1.8–3.9) | 3.6 (2.3–5.9) | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) † | 86.6 ± 31.1 | 87.7 ± 16.4 | 89.3 ± 16.4 | 0.047 |
| HDL‐C (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| LDL‐C (mmol/L) † | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 3.2 ± 1.0 | 3.2 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 0.9 | 5.1 ± 1.0 | 5.2 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.9 ± 1.6 | 2.4 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation, median (quartile 1– quartile 3) or n (%). AVI, abdominal volume index; BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA‐IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.
†
The mean ± standard deviation, median (quartile 1– quartile 3) or n (%) was calculated after filling in missing data.