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. 2022 May 7;20:219. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01443-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Ds-MIRNA/SPc complex-mediated gene silencing in maize. a QRT-PCR assay for MIR164b and miR164b. The ds-MIR164b/SPc complex was applied to the root surface of maize every 24 h, and the samples were collected on 4 days after the treatment. Triplicate biological replicates were used for each treatment. The housekeeping gene ZmUBC was used as the reference gene. Different letters on columns indicate significant differences (Duncan’s multiple range test, P < 0.05). b QRT-PCR assay for target gene NAC1. c Photos of maize among various treatments. Scale bar: 1 cm. d Growth evaluation of roots by measuring lateral root number and density. Fifteen seedlings were used to collect the data. e Photos of maize ND101 (widely type) and transgenic maize overexpressing miR164e. Scale bar: 1 cm. f Growth evaluation of roots by measuring lateral root number and density. Thirteen seedlings were used to collect the data. The “n.s.” means no significance, and the “***” indicates significant differences according to the independent t test (P < 0.001)