Table 2.
Adjusted association of oral health indicators and confounders with poor OHRQoL by OHIP-14K (n = 675)
| Variables | N | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% confidence interval) | |||||
| Dental status | |||||
| Dentate | 407 | 1 | |||
| Denture | 268 | 1.25 (0.89–1.76) | |||
| TOF, Newton | |||||
| ≥ 330 | 293 | 1 | |||
| < 330 | 382 | 1.47 (1.06–2.04) | |||
| NTR | |||||
| ≥ 25 | 518 | 1 | |||
| ≤ 24 | 157 | 2.26 (1.54–3.31) | |||
| NT | |||||
| ≥ 15 | 431 | 1 | |||
| ≤ 14 | 244 | 1.45 (1.02–2.07) | |||
| Age | 675 | 1.00 (0.96–1.02) | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) |
| Gender | |||||
| Men | 219 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Women | 456 | 1.48 (0.93–2.35) | 1.47 (0.92–2.34) | 1.58 (0.99–2.53) | 1.50 (0.95–2.39) |
| Education level | |||||
| Middle school or less | 512 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| High school or more | 152 | 0.71 (0.48–1.07) | 0.72 (0.48–1.07) | 0.71 (0.47–1.07) | 0.73 (0.48–1.09) |
| Not informed | 11 | 2.32 (0.66–8.24) | 2.25 (0.63–8.01) | 2.78 (0.78–9.91) | 2.20 (0.62–7.83) |
| Alcohol† | |||||
| No | 219 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 438 | 0.72 (0.51–1.02) | 0.72 (0.51–1.02) | 0.72 (0.51–1.03) | 0.73 (0.52–1.04) |
| Not informed | 18 | 1.55 (0.50–4.85) | 1.57 (0.50–4.92) | 1.74 (0.55–5.50) | 1.47 (0.47–0.64) |
| Smoking* | |||||
| No | 443 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 202 | 1.20 (0.75–1.93) | 1.24 (0.78–1.99) | 1.17 (0.73–1.88) | 1.15 (0.71–1.86) |
| Not informed | 30 | 1.29 (0.52–3.19) | 1.31 (0.53–3.26) | 1.44 (0.58–3.57) | 1.32 (0.53–3.27) |
| Periodontitis | |||||
| No | 123 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 490 | 1.46 (0.95–2.27) | 1.51 (0.96–2.38) | 1.41 (0.91–2.18) | 1.40 (0.90–2.18) |
| Not informed | 62 | 1.19 (0.62–2.30) | 1.17 (0.61–2.26) | 1.29 (0.67–2.49) | 1.14 (0.59–2.19) |
| Metabolic syndrome‡ | |||||
| No | 294 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 381 | 0.76 (0.55–1.05) | 0.76 (0.55–1.05) | 0.69 (0.50–0.96) | 0.76 (0.55–1.05) |
| Frailty | |||||
| No | 541 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 109 | 1.71 (1.11–2.64) | 1.67 (1.09–2.57) | 1.63 (1.06–2.53) | 1.71 (1.11–2.63) |
| Not informed | 25 | 1.04 (0.45–2.38) | 1.09 (0.47–2.52) | 1.06 (0.46–2.45) | 1.05 (0.46–2.41) |
OHRQoL: Fair denotes OHIP-14K < 3: never, hardly ever, occasionally; Poor denotes OHIP-14K ≥ 3: fairly often, very often
TOF, total occlusion force; NRT, number of total natural and rehabilitated; NT, number of remaining natural teeth
Bold denotes statistical significance at p < 0.05
Odd ratio: obtained by multivariable logistic regression adjusted for all variables in each model
Periodontitis: followed by guideline “Staging and grading of periodontitis: Framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition” [51] classified into two groups: No (healthy or stage I–II) and Yes (stage III–IV)
*Smoking: No denotes never smoked; Yes denotes past and current smoker
†Alcohol drinking: “No” denotes “never drunken”; “Yes” denotes “past and current drinker”
‡Metabolic syndrome: No denotes two or fewer factors, Yes denotes three or more factors among five factors: obesity (body mass index (body kg/ height m2) ≥ 25); Total triglyceride ≥ 150 mg/dL; HDL cholesterol: Male < 40 mg/dL, Female < 50 mg/dL or medication for dyslipidemia; Hypertension: systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg or medication for hypertension; Glycated hemoglobin ≥ 5.3% or medication for diabetes
Model 1: model of dental status, − 2 Log likelihood = 885.978, Cox&Snell R square = 0.052
Model 2: model of total occlusion force, − 2 Log likelihood = 882.296, Cox&Snell R square = 0.058
Model 3: model of total natural and rehabilitated teeth number, − 2 Log likelihood = 870.134, Cox&Snell R square = 0.074
Model 4: model of natural teeth number, − 2 Log likelihood = 883.342, Cox&Snell R square = 0.056